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psych 316 > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

study guide

1
Q

who founded the first laboratory of psychology?

A

wilhelm wundt

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2
Q

he did one of the first cognitive psychology experiments. who is he and what did he do

A

franciscus donders tested reaction time

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3
Q

the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory, that are what the mind does

A

cognition

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4
Q

how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus

A

reaction time

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5
Q

simple reaction time example

A

subjects pushing a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light go on

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6
Q

choice reaction time example

A

using two lights, subjects push the left button when the left light goes on, and push the right button when the right light goes on

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7
Q

who created structuralism, and what is it?

A

wilhem wundt said that our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of sensation

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8
Q

trained subjects describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. the goal was to describe experience in terms of elementary mental elements

A

analytic introspection

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9
Q

this person experimented with the length in time of forgetting

A

hermann ebbinghaus

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10
Q

what does forgetting look like on a graph?

A

exponentially drops rapidly in the first two days

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11
Q

he created the first psychology textbook and recorded observations of his own experience

A

william james

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12
Q

he proposed behaviorism and eliminated the mind

A

john watson

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13
Q

theory based on collecting observable behavior for science

A

behaviorism

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14
Q

how pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus causes change in the response to the neutral stimulus - ex. pavlov’s dogs

A

classical conditioning

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15
Q

how behavior is strengthened by presentation of a positive reinforcement/withdrawal of negative reinforcers
- ex. skinner’s rats

A

operant conditioning

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16
Q

tolman proposed that we have conception layouts in our mind

A

cognitive maps

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17
Q

this person proposed that language is a product of the way the mind is constructed

A

chomsky

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18
Q

when did the cognitive revolution occur?

A

1950’s

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19
Q

the approach in which the operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages, like a computer

A

information processing approach

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20
Q

McCarthy; the concept that making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving

A

artificial intelligence

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21
Q

the program in which newell and simon created to prove problems in mathematical theorems

A

logic theorist

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22
Q

choking under pressure; this man proposed that pressure caused subjects to worry, which in return used up some of their working memory capacity

A

beilock

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23
Q

representations of a physical structure

A

structural model

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24
Q

this represents the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, using boxes and arrows

A

process model

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25
Q

holds incoming information for a fraction of a second

A

sensory memory

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26
Q

has limited capacity and holds information for seconds

A

short term memory

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27
Q

memory for events in your life

A

episodic memory

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28
Q

memory for facts

A

semantic memory

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29
Q

memory for physical actions

A

procedural memory

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30
Q

these people study mental processes that contribute to knowing, and are much more complex than they appear

A

cognitive psychologists

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31
Q

high level processes examples

A

judgement, memory, knowledge

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32
Q

low level processes examples

A

perception, attention, language

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33
Q

processing affected by the stimulus input, eye to brain

A

bottom up processing

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34
Q

contributes to many cognitive allusions, originates from the brain

A

top down processing

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35
Q

method by wundt and titchener that states that you cannot study something that is unobservable unless you look within

A

introspectionism

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36
Q

problems w/ introspection

A

can’t introspect unconscious thoughts, difficult to confirm or disconfirm quantifiable data, not testable or repeatable, need objective observation

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37
Q

problems w/ behaviorism

A

behaviors cannot be explained by stimulus response chaining, your reaction is guided by your interpretation of the stimulus and not the stimulus itself, often fails to predict actual behaviors

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38
Q

cognitive psychologists want to _______ behavior

A

explain

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39
Q

carrying out experiments on healthy individuals in the lab

A

experimental cognitive psychology

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40
Q

study patterns of cognitive impairment shown by brain damaged patients

A

cognitive neuropsychology

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41
Q

coltheart example of visual knowledge patient

A

AC had severe problems with object knowledge after a stroke, performed well on questions about a horse except for what it looks like

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42
Q

define double dissociation

A

different behaviors are supported by different brain systems; one system should be able to find variables that affect one system but not the other, and vice versa; requires at least two patients with damage to different brain areas showing different deficits. ex. patient 1: A is present, B is not. person 2: B is present, A is not

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43
Q

using brain imaging techniques to study brain functioning, physiology of cognition

A

cognitive neuroscience

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44
Q

localizing the function of a particular brain area

A

functional localization

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45
Q

precisely find a certain area in the brain

A

spatial resolution

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46
Q

precise measurement of brain activity

A

temporal resolution

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47
Q

record activity of a singular neuron; used in animal studies

A

single cell recording

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48
Q

pros of single cell recording

A

great spatial and temporal resolution

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49
Q

cons of single cell recording

A

invasive, whole brain coverage impossible

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50
Q

recordings of electrical brain activity measured at the surface of the scalp

A

EEG

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51
Q

pros of EEG

A

good temporal resolution, noninvasive

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52
Q

cons of EEG

A

bad spatial resolution, no subcortical coverage

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53
Q

sensors in the scanner detect the radioactivity in the blood flow of your brain

A

PET scan

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54
Q

pros of PET

A

good spatial resolution

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55
Q

cons of PET

A

poor temporal resolution, invasive

56
Q

oxygen concentration of blood flow to the brain

A

fMRI; BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent

57
Q

pros of fMRI

A

okay temporal and spatial resolution, noninvasive

58
Q

cons of fMRI

A

not the same as neuroactivity, susceptible to motion artifacts

59
Q

a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding

A

levels of analysis

60
Q

small units in the brain that create and transmit information about what we experience and know

A

neurons

61
Q

similar to a continuous highway network connecting everything together

A

nerve net

62
Q

individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, cells are not continuous with other cells

A

neuron doctrine

63
Q

metabolic center of the neuron

A

cell body

64
Q

branches from cell body to receive signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

65
Q

long processes that transmit signals to other neurons

A

axon or nerve fiber

66
Q

gap between axon and dendrites

A

synapse

67
Q

groups of interconnected neurons

A

neural circuits

68
Q

in the 1920’s, this person was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons

A

edgar adrian

69
Q

difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when it is at rest

A

resting potential

70
Q

an electrical response that is propagated down the length of the axon

A

nerve impulse or action potential

71
Q

chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials

A

neurotransmitter

72
Q

everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

A

principle of neural representation

73
Q

area at the back of the brain that receives signals from the eye

A

visual cortex

74
Q

layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye

A

retina

75
Q

neurons that respond to orientation, movement, and length

A

feature detectors

76
Q

progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

A

hierarchical processing

77
Q

how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

sensory code

78
Q

an object can be represented by the firing of specialized neurons that only respond to that object

A

specificity coding

79
Q

representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing a large number of neurons

A

population coding

80
Q

a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, the rest are silent

A

sparse coding

81
Q

specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

A

localization of function

82
Q

layer of tissue that covers the brain

A

cerebral cortex

83
Q

speech, producing language

A

broca’s area

84
Q

comprehending language

A

wernicke’s area

85
Q

lobe that contains the visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

86
Q

lobe that corresponds to hearing

A

temporal lobe

87
Q

lobe that controls touch, pressure, and pain

A

parietal lobe

88
Q

lobe that deals with coordination, thinking, and problem solving

A

frontal lobe

89
Q

concept of determining which areas of the brain are activated by different cognitions

A

brain imaging

90
Q

small cubed shaped areas of the brain

A

voxels

91
Q

part of the brain activated by seeing faces

A

FFA

92
Q

area of the brain dealing with spacial layout

A

PPA

93
Q

area of the brain activated by pictures of bodies

A

EBA

94
Q

the idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain

A

distributed representation

95
Q

groups of neurons that are connected

A

neural networks

96
Q

technique in which you are detecting how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers

A

DTI

97
Q

experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

A

perception

98
Q

the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

A

inverse projection problem

99
Q

the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

A

viewpoint invariance

100
Q

ability to tell when one word ends and the next one begins

A

speech segmentation

101
Q

pain occurs when receptors in the skin called nociceptors are stimulated and send their signals in a direct path from skin to brain. an example of bottom up processing

A

direct pathway model

102
Q

“non-active ingredient” concept where patients feel better after taking the stimulus when in reality it does nothing

A

placebo effect

103
Q

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

A

likelihood principle

104
Q

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions/inferences that we make about the environment

A

unconscious inference

105
Q

describe the orientations of the brain

A 
front - anterior
back - posterior
out - medial
in - lateral
top - dorsal
bottom - ventral
106
Q

magnetic pulses that are applied through the scalp onto the surface of the brain creating temporary “lesions’, not imaging

A

TMS

107
Q

most sensitive parts of our body and require more motor functions in the brain

A

hands, lips, tongue

108
Q

three ways to cut the brain in half

A

coronal - perpendicular to corpus callosum
saggital - corpus callosum, splitting left and right
horizontal - top and bottom half

109
Q

folds on the cortex

A

gyrus

110
Q

this man divided the brain into 52 areas

A

brodmann

111
Q

part of the eye that can detect colors and details

A

fovea

112
Q

true or false: there are more cones than rods in the fovea

A

true

113
Q

difference in sensitivity: cones and rods

A

rods are sensitive to lower levels of light and not color

cones are sensitive to color differences and allow us to see in great detail

114
Q

these cells collect information from the retina and combine together to form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

115
Q

when cells are activated they inhibit neighboring cells, very early stages of perception

A

lateral inhibition

116
Q

this man created 5 visual functions in the occipital cortex

A

zeki

117
Q

describe ares v1 - v5

A

v1 and v2: color and form

v3: form
v4: color and line orientation
v5: visual motion

118
Q

useful for navigation and to indicate movement of objects relative to the viewer, crucial in locomotion

A

MST

119
Q

the brain combines the discrepancy of images from the left and right eye to provide info about depth

A

binocular vision

120
Q

monocular cue that states that parallel lines appear closer as they recede into the distance

A

linear perspective

121
Q

monocular cue that states that light scatters at is travels through the atmosphere, becomes hazy

A

aerial perspective

122
Q

monocular cue that states that details becomes less clear as you look into the distance

A

texture gradient

123
Q

monocular cue that states that a closer object hides part of a more distant object

A

interposition

124
Q

monocular cue that states that the presence of shading provides evidence for 3D objects

A

shading

125
Q

monocular cue that state that when the observer moves sideways, closer objects appear to travel faster than far away objects

A

motion paraliax

126
Q

stereopsis depends on the difference in the images projected on the retina of the two eyes, only useful for nearby objects

A

binocular cues

127
Q

oculomotor cue where eyes turn inwards to focus on closer objects

A

convergence

128
Q

oculomotor cue where variance in optical power produced by the thickening and thinning of the lens, objects in close proximity

A

accommodation

129
Q

principle that states that connected points resulting in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together

A

principle of good continuation

130
Q

principle that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

A

principle of good figure

131
Q

principle that states that similar things appear to be grouped together

A

principle of similarity

132
Q

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

A

physical regularities

133
Q

people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily that other orientations

A

oblique effect

134
Q

the assumption we make that light comes from above, as in the sun

A

light from above assumption

135
Q

characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

A

semantic regularities

136
Q

knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

A

scene schema

psych 316 (1 decks)

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