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AP HUG > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a specific point on earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.

A

place

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2
Q

an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. (ex. North America, Latin America, etc)

A

region

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3
Q

the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole.

A

scale

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4
Q

the physical gap or interval between two objects.

A

space

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5
Q

relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

A

connection

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6
Q

science of mapmaking

A

cartography

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7
Q

a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth.

A

global positioning system (GPS)

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8
Q

the identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coords.

A

geotagging

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9
Q

the analysis of data about earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies.

A

geographic information science (GI-science)

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10
Q

captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data.

A

geographic information system (GIS)

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11
Q

scans of Earth’s surface from satellites transmit images in digital form to a receiving station on Earth’s surface.

A

remote-sensing

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12
Q

the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals.

A

volunteered geographic information (VGI)

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13
Q

scientific research done by amateur scientists.

A

citizen science

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14
Q

community-based mapping

A

participatory GIS (PGIS)

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15
Q

a map that overlaps data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.

A

mashup

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16
Q

the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth. (three kinds: ratio, written, graphic)

A

map scale

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17
Q

the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map.

A

projection

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18
Q

an arc drawn between the north and south poles.

A

meridian

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19
Q

a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

A

parallel

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20
Q

the numbering system used to identify a meridian.

A

longitude

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21
Q

a numbering system used to indicate the location of a parallel.

A

latitude

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22
Q

0 degrees longitude (passes through Greenwich)

A

prime meridian

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23
Q

aka Universal Time (UT); the time at prime meridian and is the master reference time for all points on Earth.

A

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

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24
Q

at 180 degrees longitude, it is the point where you move the clock back 24 hours if heading eastward towards America and vice versa.

A

international date line

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25
Q

the position that something occupies on Earth’s surface.

A

location

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26
Q

the name given to a place on Earth (derived from people of prominence, religious affiliation, physical features, or origins of its settlers)

A

toponym

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27
Q

the physical character of a place (includes climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation, etc)

A

site

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28
Q

the location of a place relative to other places

A

situation

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29
Q

a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

A

cultural landscape

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30
Q

an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. (common language, economic activity, climate, etc). The character may be predominant instead of universal.

A

formal/uniform region

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31
Q

an area organized around a node or focal point.

A

functional/nodal region

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32
Q

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

A

vernacular/perceptual region

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33
Q

occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature.

A

spatial association

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34
Q

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products to many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located.

A

transnational corporation

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35
Q

examines how the powerful in a society dominate, or seek to control, less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space, and confrontation that results from domination.

A

poststructuralist geography

36
Q

a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

A

humanistic geography

37
Q

emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.

A

behavioral geography

38
Q

the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy

A

uneven development

39
Q

a place from which an innovation originates

A

hearth

40
Q

the spread of a feature from one place to another

A

expansion diffusion

41
Q

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

A

hierarchical diffusion

42
Q

a rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

A

contagious diffusion

43
Q

the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

A

stimulus diffusion

44
Q

a chain of communication that connects places

A

network

45
Q

the farther away someone is from another, the less likely the two are to interact., contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears

A

distance decay

46
Q

the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place

A

space-time compression

47
Q

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

A

resource

48
Q

the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

A

sustainability

49
Q

produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

A

renewable resource

50
Q

produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

A

nonrenewable resource

51
Q

the sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human need such as food, medicine, and recreation

A

conservation

52
Q

the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

A

preservation

53
Q

composed of living organisms

A

biotic system

54
Q

composed of non-living or inorganic matter

A

abiotic system

55
Q

a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

A

atmosphere

56
Q

all the water on and near Earth’s surface

A

hydrosphere

57
Q

Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust.

A

lithosphere

58
Q

all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms.

A

biosphere

59
Q

a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.

A

ecosystem

60
Q

the scientific study of ecosystems

A

ecology

61
Q

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

A

cultural ecology

62
Q

the physical environment caused social development

A

environmental determinism

63
Q

the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

A

possibilism

64
Q

a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.

A

polder

65
Q

used to show varying levels of variation

A

topographic maps

66
Q

a map that tells a story or has a underlying meaning (think theme)

A

thematic maps

67
Q

used to show different weather-related conditions (such as temperature, wind patterns, etc)

A

weather maps

68
Q

color-coded maps used to show different sets of statistics.

A

chorpleth map

69
Q

connects data of the same value on maps

A

isoline maps

70
Q

used to show clusters of data

A

dot-density maps

71
Q

uses a variation of lines to show direction

A

flow line map

72
Q

statistics in relation to a map (certain area with more numbers grows in size in comparison to regions that don’t have as many numbers that stay the same)

A

cartogram

73
Q

the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

A

culture

74
Q

a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

A

globalization

75
Q

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features

A

assimilation

76
Q

the process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group

A

acculturation

77
Q

the spread of something over a given area

A

concentration

78
Q

the geometric or regular arrangement of of something in a particular area

A

pattern

79
Q

the combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

A

syncretism

80
Q

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

A

crude birth rate (CBR)

81
Q

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

A

crude death rate (CDR)

82
Q

the scientific study of population characteristics

A

demography

83
Q

a way to measure the number of births in a society

A

total fertility rate (TFR)

84
Q

a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

A

demographic transition

85
Q

major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market

A

industrial revolution

86
Q

medical technology invented in europe and north america has diffused to developing countries and enabled more people to experience longer and healthier lives

A

medical revolution

87
Q

when a country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR reaches zero

A

zero population growth (ZPG)

AP HUG (1 decks)

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