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AP HUG > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

This is Geography Vocabulary Information taken from "THE Cultural Landscape" An Introduction to Human Geography by James A. Rubenstien (pgs. 4-5)

1
Q

In the word geography, geo means “___” and graphy means “___”

A

Geo means “Earth” and graphy means “to write”

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2
Q

Geography?

A

the study of where things are found on Earth’s surface and the reasons for the locations

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3
Q

Place?

A

a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic; every place occupies a unique location, or position, on Earth’s surface

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4
Q

Region?

A

is an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics; geographers divide the world into a number of regions, for example North America and Latin America

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5
Q

Scale?

A

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied (local) and Earth as a whole (global).

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6
Q

What processes affect scale?

A

~processes that affect humanity’s occupation of Earth are global in scale are climate change and depletion of energy supplies
~local-scale processes, such as preservation of distinctive cultural and economic activities are important

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7
Q

Space?

A

refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects; many objects are distributed across space in a regular manner, for discernible reasons

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8
Q

Connection?

A

refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

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9
Q

What is an example of the terms using Luxembourg to illustrate the 5 concepts?

A

~The City of Luxembourg is a place located on a hillside perched above the Alzette River
~The City of Luxembourg is the capital of the country Luxembourg, located in the world region of Europe.
~Luxembourg plays a major role at a global scale, because it is on of the principle headquarters of the European Union, which unites 28 countries
~It also has a distinctive local scale; one example is the availability of distinctive local products not available elsewhere
~The space occupied by Luxembourg has distinctive features; for example most people live in the South of the country while the North is barely inhabited
~Connections between Luxembourg and other places are created by road, rail, and river

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10
Q

Map?

A

a map is a 2D or flat scale model of Earth’s surface, or a portion of it

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11
Q

What are two purposes of maps?

A
  • As a reference tool

- As a communications tool

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12
Q

Cartography?

A

The study of map making

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13
Q

Geotagging

A

identifications and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates

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14
Q

Location?

A

the position that something occupies on Earth’s surface

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15
Q

Toponym?

A

the name given place on Earth

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16
Q

Site?

A

the physical character of a place

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17
Q

What are examples of site?

A

Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation.

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18
Q

Situation?

A

the location of a place relative to other places

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19
Q

Cultural landscape?

A

a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic factors such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as vegetation and climate

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20
Q

Formal region, or a uniform region?

A

an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive features

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21
Q

Functional region or nodal region?

A

an area organized around a node or focal point

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22
Q

Vernacular region or perceptual region?

A

an area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity

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23
Q

Culture?

A

the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

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24
Q

What are the three main culture traits?

A

Language, ethnicity, and religion

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25
Q

Spatial association?

A

occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature

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26
Q

Globalization?

A

a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

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27
Q

Transnational corporation?

A

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located

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28
Q

Distribution?

A

the arrangement of a feature in space

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29
Q

Density?

A

the frequency with which something occurs in space

30
Q

Concentration?

A

the extent of a feature’s spread over space

31
Q

Pattern?

A

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

32
Q

Poststructuralist geography?

A

it examines how the powerful in a society dominate, or seek control, less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space, and confrontations that result from the domination

33
Q

Humanistic geography?

A

a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meaning

34
Q

Behavioral geography?

A

it emphasizes the importance of understanding the phycological basis for individual human actions in space

35
Q

Uneven development?

A

the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results in the globalization of the economy

36
Q

Assimilation?

A

the process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group

37
Q

Acculturation?

A

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups

38
Q

Syncretism?

A

the combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

39
Q

Diffusion?

A

the process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time

40
Q

Hearth?

A

a place from which an innovation originates

41
Q

Relocation diffusion?

A

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

42
Q

Expansion diffusion?

A

the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

43
Q

Hierarchical diffusion?

A

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes authority or power to other persons or places

44
Q

Contagious diffusion?

A

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

45
Q

Stimulus diffusion?

A

the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

46
Q

Network?

A

a chain of communication that connects to places

47
Q

Distance decay?

A

the diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

48
Q

Space-time compression?

A

describes the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place

49
Q

Resource

A

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use

50
Q

Sustainability

A

the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

51
Q

Renewable resource

A

produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

52
Q

Nonrenewable resource

A

produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans

53
Q

What are the three pillars that sustainability rests upon?

A

environment, society and economy

54
Q

Conservation

A

the sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation

55
Q

Preservation

A

the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact at possible

56
Q

Biotic system

A

composed of living organisms

57
Q

Abiotic system

A

composed of nonliving or inorganic matter

58
Q

Atmosphere (abiotic)

A

a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

59
Q

Hydrosphere (abiotic)

A

all of the water on and near Earth’s surface

60
Q

Lithosphere (abiotic)

A

Earth’s crust and a portion of user mantle directly below the crust

61
Q

Biosphere (biotic)

A

all living organisms on Earth including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms

62
Q

Climate

A

the long-term average weather condition at particular location

63
Q

What are the five main climate regions?

A
  • Humid low-latitude climates
  • Dry climates
  • Warm mid-latitude climates
  • Cold mid-latitude climates
  • Polar climates
64
Q

Ecosystem

A

a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

65
Q

Ecology

A

the scientific study of ecosystems

66
Q

Erosin

A

occurs when soils washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind

67
Q

Depletion of nutrients

A

soil contains the nutrients essential for the successful growth of plants and the ones useful for humans, and nutrients are depleted when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural process can replace

68
Q

Cultural ecology

A

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

69
Q

Environmental determinism

A

German geographers Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter believed that the physical environment caused social development

70
Q

Possibilism

A

the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust their environment

71
Q

polder

A

a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area

AP HUG (1 decks)

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