Unit 1 Flashcards
Who discovered Xrays? When?
His first X-ray was:
Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895
his wife’s hand
In _____, Wilhelm Roentgen won the first Nobel prize for ____.
1901
Physics
Properties of Xrays
Photons
No mass, no electrical charge, invisible
Contain more energy than visible light due to their higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths
Can penetrate most matter
Travel in straight lines until they interact with matter
Expose photo and radiographic film
Can penetrate, be absorbed or scattered in the body
Capable of changing biological matter via ionization
Can be produced in a wide range of energies
Xrays are made and emitted from the ___. They go into the ____.
Tube
Patient.
The more ____ the tissue is, the more the X-ray is absorbed by that part
Dense
The denser the tissue, the ______ or ____ it will appear on the X-ray
Whiter or lighter
XRAYS, AKA:
Film
Radiograph
View
Degreed person who takes the X-ray
Rad technician/ radiographer
Doctor who reads the X-ray
Radiologist
What is matter that is easily penetrated by X-ray?
What color are those typically
Radiolucent
Dark/black
What factors can cause something to be more or less radiolucent
Decrease in density
Decrease in radiopacity
What is matter that is NOT easily penetrated by X-ray?
Shows up as:
Radiopaque
Lighter/white
What cause more or less radiopaque
Increase in density
Increase in radiopacity
5 radiographic densities— least dense to most dense (More radiolucent to least radiolucent)
Air
Fat
Water
Bone
Metal
A substance that makes an area no normally visible on X-ray, visible.
What density is usually used?
Contrast agent
Metal density
An object that is produced on the X-ray bu some external action
Artifact
What are some examples of artifacts?
Clothing
Surgical
Film/processing
Jewelry
Patient motion
Ways to compare radiographic films
compare opposite sides (extremities, pars)
Time comparison (was it there before)
What are serial radiographs/films?
Films taken over time to monitor progression or lack of progression (pneumonia, fractures, scoliosis)
ALL X-rays must have a:
Mitchell marker
What is the purpose of a Mitchell marker?
Tells which side is closes to the film (lateral views of the axial skeleton)
Tell which side of the pt is rt or lt. (A-P and P-A views of the axial skeleton, chest and abdomen)
Tells which extremity is X-rayed, rt or lt
Tells which side is closest to the film on oblique spinal and chest X-Rays
General consideration for X-rays
All xrays must have a Mitchell marker
There must be a sufficient anatomy for identification of the anatomical location
Extremity xrays must include a joint
Take a min of 2 views (opposing views), 90 degrees to each other
XRays must have a permanent ID label
What should be found on the permanent ID label?
Pt name
Clinic or docs name
Date film is taken
Patients age or birthday
The part of interest in an X-ray is closest to what?
The film (which helps decrease magnification)
Basic radiographic positions
Upright
Recumbent
Radiographic views?
A-P (anteroposterior)
P-A (posteroanterior)
Lateral
Oblique
What is an A-P position
Posterior aspect of the body or part is against the film. X-rays enter through the anterior aspect
Describe P-A view
Anterior aspect of the body or part against the film. XRays enter through the post aspect of the body
Lateral radiographic view
Lateral aspect of the body or part is against the film
Oblique radiographic views
Patient or body part is rotated away from the film at an angle (mc 45 deg)
RAO oblique
Right anterior oblique
The right anterolateral aspect of the body is closes to the film
LAO oblique
Left anterior oblique
The left anterolateral aspect of the body is closest to the film
RPO radiographic view
Right posterior oblique
The right posterolateral aspect of the body is closest to the film
LPO radiographic views
Left posterior oblique
The left posterolateral aspect of the body is closest to the film
2 types of ossification
Intramembranous
Enchondral
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from mesenchyme
Occurs quickly
Bones urgently needed for protection (skull, face, et al)
Enchondral ossification
Bone develops from cartilage
Majority of bone
Occurs more slowly
Cells that produce the organized matrix called osteoid which is deposited on mineral salts which become mineralized to form bone
Osteoblasts
Cells that cause bone resorption
Osteoclasts
Primary ossification center
Present at birth (exceptions)
First indication of ossification in a bone that develops from cartilage
Shaft of tubular bones, vertebral bodies, et al.
Secondary ossification centers
Appear at variable times after birth
Time of appearance and fusion to the rest of the bone is an indication of skeletal age and maturation
Epiphysis, apophysis, vertebral endplates
In some cases, may never form an osseous union with the rest of the bone (ununited secondary center of ossification)
Primary ossification centers appear during the ______ fetal month.
Each vertebra develops from:
5th or 6th fetal month
3 primary centers: 1 in centrum, 1 in each side of the neural arch
Most 2ndary ossification centers will appear by:
And fuse by:
12-16 yoa
20-25 yoa (complete skeletal maturation)
When to Pedicles fuse?
In the cervical spine at 3yo
Moves down and finishes in the lumbar spine at 6-7 yo
When does the lamina fuse?
In the lumber spine and moves up to finish in the cervical spine at 2 yo
7-10 they close in the sacrum
3 primary ossification centers of the atlas:
1 becomes the anterior arch (does not dev until after birth)
1 for each side of the neural arch (lateral mass)
- anterior arch fuses to lateral masses age 6-9
- post arch fuses fuses age 3-7
Primary ossification centers for axis
1- each vertebral arch
1- centrum/body
2- Base of the dens (fuses at birth- old thought- 5-7)
2ndary ossification centers of axis
1- apex of the dens (appears 3-6 yo… fuses at 12 yo)
1- inf endplate
1 in each TVP
1 in spinous
Ends of a bone
2ndary center of ossification
Epiphysis
Physis, AKA:
Physeal plate, growth plate
Physis has ____ cartilaginous layers.
It is ______ on X-ray when open.
It is responsible for :
4
Radiolucent
Bone growth in length
—Zone of provisional calcification (ZPC), closest to metaphysis, growth occurs, radiopaque on X-ray
Most vascular area of the bone
Active bone formation takes place
Metaphysis
Primary center of ossification of the metaphysis is continuous with..
The diaphysis
Primary ossification center
Shaft of long bones
Cortical bone is thickest
Diaphysis
Location of the periosteum
Outside of the cortex
Outer fibrous layer
Inner cambium later (osteoclasts and osteoblasts)
The periosteum (DOES/DOES NOT) cover the epiphysis
Does not
Periosteum is not seen on X-ray unless:
It is affected by a pathology
Periosteum on kids is more loosely attached at the:
Diaphysis
Endosteum is located:
It (IS/IS NOT) visible on X-ray.
Here you will find:
Inside of the Corte
Is not
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts
The balance between the endosteal and periosteal cellular activity maintains what?
The thickness of the cortex and allows for bone growth in width
Apophysis provides:
It protrudes beyond the __.
It has a _____ center of ossification
it may or may not form:
bony attachment for ligaments and tendons
bone
secondary
an osseous union with the rest of the bone
Deviation from normal. A congenital or developmental defect (Ex- spina bifida)
Anomaly
3 primary centers of ossification of C3-T12
1 vertebral body
2- vertebral arch
5 secondary centers of ossification of C3-T12
1- each endplate (2)
2- Each TVP (2)
1- SP
C7 has separate 2ndary centers for the ____ ____. This appears and unites:
costal processes
appear 6th fetal month
unites 6yoa.
they remain separate and C ribs
Lumbars are the same 2ndary ossification centers except:
there is one in each mamillary process.
Something that mimics a pathology and is usually developmental. Provide an example
Normal variant
ununited secondary center of ossification
Bone fragment that develops in a ligament
accessory ossicle
Small bone that develops in a tendon
Sesamoid bone
absence of a part or component
agenesis, aplasia, aplastic
incomplete formation, smaller than normal
hypoplasia, hypoplastic
structural enlargement
hyperplasia, hyperplastic
failure of adjoining structures to fuse
nonunion, ununited
abnormal development of skin, bone or other tissue
dysplasia
increase in radiopacity due to an increased laying down of bone
sclerosis
Calcification deposition in soft tissue
calcification
what are the 2 types of calcification
Dystrophic- pathological
Physiological- non-pathological
___- fixed, fused, closed, stiff, bent
ankylo-
___- with, together, joined
syn-
______- joint, articulation
arthro-, articulo-
Synostosis
congenital fusion of 2 or more bones
Arthrodesis
surgical fusion of 2 or more bones
Ankylosis
pathological fusion of 2 or more bones
Bone, boney
osseo-
ossi
osteo-
os
Osseous:
boney, bone like consistency or structure
Chondro-
cartilage
calcification of cartilage
chrondrocalcinosis
Bone united by hyaline or fibrocartilage
synchondrosis
Cause of a specific disease or condition
etiology
A disease or condition arising during the course of or as a consequence of another disease
complication
diagnosis of a condition whose signs and symptoms are shared by various other conditions
differential diagnosis
an indication of a particular disorder, as seen on an x-ray
radiographic sign
ABC’S of radiographic interpretation and examples
A- Alignment (relationship between bones.. curves, rotation)
B- Bone (cortex, medulla, density, size, shape, number)
C- Cartilage (joint spaces, integrity of the joint surfaces)
S- Soft tissue (organs, fat pad, vessels, muscles, calcifications, artifacts)
