Unit 1

Question 1

Bones of the body

Answer 1

Cranium 
Sternum
Scapula
Ribs
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Humerus 
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Talus

Question 2

Muscles of the body

presented in some antagonistic pairs

Answer 2

Deltoid/Latissimus dorsi
Triceps/Biceps
Gluteals/Hip flexor
Quadriceps/Hamstring
Gastrocnemius/Tibialis anterior
Pectorals
Rotator cuffs
Abdominals

Question 3

Types of bones

Answer 3

Short bones
-used for fine movements
Long bones
-used for gross movement 
Flat bones
-used to protect vital organs

Question 4

Tendons_____

Answer 4

Connect muscle to bone

Question 5

Ligaments_____

Answer 5

Connect bone to bone

Question 6

Skeletal functions

Answer 6

• support
• shape
• protection
• movement
• mineral storage
• blood cell production

Question 7

2 types of joints/where are they found/what movements?

Answer 7

Hinge joint

• elbow, knee, ankle
• flexion and extension

Ball and socket joint

• hip and shoulder
• flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation

Question 8

Agonist vs antagonist

Answer 8

Agonist(prime mover) causes movement by contracting

Antagonist relaxes

Question 9

Muscle contractions

Answer 9

Isotonic= muscle contracts and changes length

• eccentric= muscle extends(bicep curl)
• concentric= muscle shortens(bicep curl)

Isometric= muscle contracts, but stays the same length(handstand balance)

Question 10

Synovial membrane features

Answer 10

Cartilage
- protective layer that covers the end of bones to stop them rubbing together
Synovial membrane
- lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
-prevents friction by lubricating
Joint capsule
- surrounds joint and prevents wear/tear
Bursae
-small bags of fluid that reduce friction, and cushion the joint

Question 11

Pathway of air

Answer 11

Mouth/nasal cavity>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli

Question 12

Where does gaseous exchange take place?

Explain gaseous exchange

Answer 12

In the alveoli in the lungs

O2 in CO2 out

Question 13

Blood vessels

Answer 13

Artery, capillary and veins

Question 14

The heart pathway

Answer 14

VAVA
Vena cava
RA
RV
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
LA
LV
Aorta

Question 15

The heart contractions

Answer 15

Systole= contracts to pump blood
Diastole= relaxes to fill with blood

Question 16

Cardiac output equation and definition of components

Answer 16

Cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

Cardiac output= Volume of blood pumped out in 1 minute
Stroke volume= Volume of blood that the left ventricle jumps out in a beat
Heart rate= Number of times heart beats per minute(220-age)

Question 17

Mechanics of breathing inhalation and exhalation

Answer 17

Inhaling

• intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to rise up and outwards.
• the diaphram contracts and flattens
• meaning the volume of the chest cavity is high so low pressure causing air to be breathed in.

Exhalation
is the opposite

Question 18

Mechanics of breathing inhalation and exhalation at exercise

Answer 18

Inhalation
-the pectoral muscles pull rib cage out
Exhalation
-abdominals pull rib cage down

Question 19

Spirometer measures_____

Answer 19

Breathing volume

Question 20

ERV is attached to_____

Answer 20

Residual

Question 21

Spirometer during exercise

Answer 21

Tidal volume increases(higher peaks and lower dips)

Rest stay the same

Question 22

Recovery

Answer 22

• rehydration
• manipulation of diet(carbohydrates)
• ice baths(blood vessels constrict to flush out lactic acid+prevent DOMS)
• massages(cause blood flow to remove lactic acid)

Question 23

Tidal volume is_____

Answer 23

The normal amount of air that is breathed in or out in one breath

Question 24

Inspiratory reserve volume is(IRV)_____

Answer 24

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled

Question 25

Expiratory reserve volume is(ERV)_____

Answer 25

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled

Question 26

Residual volume is_____

Answer 26

The amount of air left in the lungs after ERV

Question 27

Alveoli adaptions for effective gaseous exchange

Answer 27

• Large surface area
• Moist thin walls
• Large blood supply
• Short diffusion pathway

Question 28

Aerobic respiration occurs in the_____
Equation?
Sporting example?

Answer 28

presence of oxygen
Glucose + oxygen ——- carbon dioxide + water
Marathon runner

Question 29

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the_____
Equation?
Sporting example?

Answer 29

absence of oxygen
Glucose——– lactic acid
Sprinter

Question 30

EPOC

Answer 30

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or oxygen debt

Is the amount of oxygen the body needs to take in following a period of exercise to remove lactic acid

Question 31

Immediate/short-term/long-term effects of exercise

Answer 31

Immediate

• hot
• sweaty
• red skin
• increase heart rate

Short-term

• tiredness
• fatigue
• nausea
• doms
• cramps

Long-term

• change in body shape
• improved components of fitness
• hypertrophy(increase in the size of the heart)
• bradycardia(lower resting heart rate)