Unit 1 Flashcards
Bones of the body
Cranium Sternum Scapula Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Talus
Muscles of the body
presented in some antagonistic pairs
Deltoid/Latissimus dorsi Triceps/Biceps Gluteals/Hip flexor Quadriceps/Hamstring Gastrocnemius/Tibialis anterior Pectorals Rotator cuffs Abdominals
Types of bones
Short bones -used for fine movements Long bones -used for gross movement Flat bones -used to protect vital organs
Tendons_____
Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments_____
Connect bone to bone
Skeletal functions
- support
- shape
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell production
2 types of joints/where are they found/what movements?
Hinge joint
- elbow, knee, ankle
- flexion and extension
Ball and socket joint
- hip and shoulder
- flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation
Agonist vs antagonist
Agonist(prime mover) causes movement by contracting
Antagonist relaxes
Muscle contractions
Isotonic= muscle contracts and changes length
- eccentric= muscle extends(bicep curl)
- concentric= muscle shortens(bicep curl)
Isometric= muscle contracts, but stays the same length(handstand balance)
Synovial membrane features
Cartilage
- protective layer that covers the end of bones to stop them rubbing together
Synovial membrane
- lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
-prevents friction by lubricating
Joint capsule
- surrounds joint and prevents wear/tear
Bursae
-small bags of fluid that reduce friction, and cushion the joint
Pathway of air
Mouth/nasal cavity>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli
Where does gaseous exchange take place?
Explain gaseous exchange
In the alveoli in the lungs
O2 in CO2 out
Blood vessels
Artery, capillary and veins
The heart pathway
VAVA Vena cava RA RV Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein LA LV Aorta
The heart contractions
Systole= contracts to pump blood Diastole= relaxes to fill with blood
Cardiac output equation and definition of components
Cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output= Volume of blood pumped out in 1 minute
Stroke volume= Volume of blood that the left ventricle jumps out in a beat
Heart rate= Number of times heart beats per minute(220-age)
Mechanics of breathing inhalation and exhalation
Inhaling
- intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to rise up and outwards.
- the diaphram contracts and flattens
- meaning the volume of the chest cavity is high so low pressure causing air to be breathed in.
Exhalation
is the opposite
Mechanics of breathing inhalation and exhalation at exercise
Inhalation
-the pectoral muscles pull rib cage out
Exhalation
-abdominals pull rib cage down
Spirometer measures_____
Breathing volume
ERV is attached to_____
Residual
Spirometer during exercise
Tidal volume increases(higher peaks and lower dips)
Rest stay the same
Recovery
- rehydration
- manipulation of diet(carbohydrates)
- ice baths(blood vessels constrict to flush out lactic acid+prevent DOMS)
- massages(cause blood flow to remove lactic acid)
Tidal volume is_____
The normal amount of air that is breathed in or out in one breath
Inspiratory reserve volume is(IRV)_____
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled
Expiratory reserve volume is(ERV)_____
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled
Residual volume is_____
The amount of air left in the lungs after ERV
Alveoli adaptions for effective gaseous exchange
- Large surface area
- Moist thin walls
- Large blood supply
- Short diffusion pathway
Aerobic respiration occurs in the_____
Equation?
Sporting example?
presence of oxygen
Glucose + oxygen ——- carbon dioxide + water
Marathon runner
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the_____
Equation?
Sporting example?
absence of oxygen
Glucose——– lactic acid
Sprinter
EPOC
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or oxygen debt
Is the amount of oxygen the body needs to take in following a period of exercise to remove lactic acid
Immediate/short-term/long-term effects of exercise
Immediate
- hot
- sweaty
- red skin
- increase heart rate
Short-term
- tiredness
- fatigue
- nausea
- doms
- cramps
Long-term
- change in body shape
- improved components of fitness
- hypertrophy(increase in the size of the heart)
- bradycardia(lower resting heart rate)
