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HL Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Unicellular, prokaryotes, both autotrophs and heterotrophs

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2
Q

Eubacteria

A

Unicellular, prokaryotes, both autotrophs and heterotrophs

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3
Q

Protists

A

Most unicellular, eukaryotes, both autotrophs and heterotrophs

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4
Q

Fungi

A

Most multicellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophs

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5
Q

Plants

A

Multicellular, eukaryotes, autotrophs

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6
Q

Animals

A

Multicellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophs

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7
Q

Characteristics of living things

A

Metabolism, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, growth

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8
Q

3 axioms of cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells come from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

Exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. Striated muscle (has hundreds of nuclei)
  2. Aseptate fungi (many nuclei)
  3. Giant algae (huge)
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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantages: faster, more efficient, higher mutation rate, no need for a mate
Disadvantages: little to no genetic variation

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11
Q

Advantages of being multicellular

A

Emergent properties: functions that arise from the interaction of individual components (organ systems, etc.)

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12
Q

Key characteristics of stem cells

A
  1. Self-renewal, rapid rate of mitosis

2. Potency, ability to differentiate

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13
Q

Types of stem cells

A

Totipotent: can become any cell in body plus extra-embryonic cells
Pluripotent: can become any cell in body
Multipotent: can become different types of cells, but not any
Unipotent: cannot differentiate but capable of self renewal

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14
Q

2 models of cell membrane

A

Davson-Danielli: sandwich with protein layers surrounding phospholipids. Believed because electron micrographs showed 3 layers, 2 dark lines believed to be proteins with middle light layer being phospholipids

Singer and Nicholson: fluid mosaic, proteins imbedded in the phospholipid bilayer and free to move with the phospholipids

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15
Q

Shortcomings of sandwich model

A
  1. Assumed that all membranes are the same, yet different functions are performed
  2. Proteins are largely hydrophobic, unlikely for them to be the outer layers
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16
Q

Proofs for fluid mosaic model

A
  1. Freeze-etched electron micrographs: rapidly frozen and cleaved to split bilayer. Rough, with bumps being proteins
  2. Structure of membrane proteins: proteins extracted and analyzed, different sizes and globular, unlike the type to form continuous layers
  3. Fluorescent antibody tagging: red/green markers attached to antibodies that bind to proteins, colours were mixed showing fluidity
17
Q

Name for hydrophobic/philic behaviour of phospholipids

A

Amphipathic

18
Q

Role of cholesterol in membrane

A

Maintains fluidity. When warm, acts as speed bump. When cold, keeps them apart

19
Q

Alternate method of maintaining fluidity

A

Kinds/bends in hydrocarbon tails with double bonds

20
Q

Factors affecting diffusion rate

A 
Concentration gradient (steeper = faster)
Size (smaller = faster)
Temperature (hotter = faster)
21
Q

Particles that can diffuse

A

Small uncharged polar molecules (water, glycerol, ethanol) and small hydrophobic molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

22
Q

Particles that cannot diffuse

A

Ions, large uncharged polar molecules (amino acids)

23
Q

2 types of proteins used in facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins, carrier proteins

24
Q

2 types of active transport

A

Direct hydrolysis of ATP, indirectly coupling transport (e.g. proton pump, hydrogen ions, glucose)

25
Q

Types of bulk transport

A

Endocytosis: pinocytosis (extracellular fluid sipped into vesicles and molecules taken up), phagocytosis (particle in vacuole is engulfed, fuses with lysosome for digestion), receptor mediated (when specific receptors are full, membrane pinches closed)

Exocytosis

26
Q

Accumulation and degradation of mitotic cyclins

A

Accumulate during G2 -> MPF formed -> cell signalled to enter mitosis
Degrade -> MPF inactivated -> cell exits mitosis and divides

27
Q

MPF activation

A

Cyclins accumulate, CDKinase adds a phosphate to the promoting factor, factor activated

28
Q

What controls cyclin levels

A

Cell size, completion of DNA replication, cellular environment

29
Q

Oncogenes

A

Gas pedal. In normal state, codes for proteins that control the cell cycle. When mutated the proteins exhibit increased activity that contributes to tumor growth

30
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Absence of brakes. Produce proteins that regulate cell division. When mutated, unable to do this

31
Q

How living things can be formed

A
  1. Building blocks need to be formed, simple organic molecules synthesized
  2. Simple molecules must assemble to form more complex polymers
  3. Polymers must have the ability to self-replicate
  4. Polymers are separated from the external environment, form protobionts with an internal chemistry different from the surroundings
32
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis

A

Double membranes
Own set of DNA
Similar in size to bacteria

HL Biology (3 decks)

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