Unit 1

Question 1

TPP

Answer 1

Transpulmonary pressure= alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

Alveolar pressure: negative on inspiration, positive on expiration
Intrapleural pressure: always positive

Question 2

Vital capacity needed for effective cough

Answer 2

15 ml/kg

Question 3

Dead space mL

Answer 3

2 mLkg

150 mL in 70 kg patient

Question 4

Minute ventilation

Answer 4

Abbreviated by VE

TV x RR

Question 5

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 5

Abbreviated by VA

(TV-dead space) x RR

Question 6

Relationship between alveolar ventilation and CO2 production and PaCO2

Answer 6

Proportional to CO2 production

Inverse to PaCO2

Question 7

Bohr equation

Answer 7

Vd/Vt=(PaCO2-PeCO2)/PaCO2

PeCO2-partial pressure of CO2 in exhaled gas, not the same as ETCO2

Question 8

Vd/Vt

Answer 8

Fraction of tidal volume contributing to dead space

Question 9

ML/kg of dead space in spontaneous ventilation

Answer 9

2 mL/kg

Question 10

Vd/Vt in spontaneous ventilation

Answer 10

150mL/450mL=0.3

Question 11

Mechanical ventilation Vd/Vt

Answer 11

0.5

Mechanical ventilation increases ventilation to perfusion

Question 12

Normal V/Q ratio

Answer 12

Ventilation =4 L/min
Perfusion= 5 L/min
V/Q=0.8

Question 13

V/Q at apex and base of lun

Answer 13

Increased at apex

Decreased at base

Question 14

Compliance

Answer 14

Change in volume/change in pressure

Question 15

0 V/Q ratio

Answer 15

Shunt

No ventilation

Question 16

Infinity V/Q

Answer 16

Dead space

No perfusion

Question 17

Cylinder Law of Laplace

Answer 17

Tension= pressure x radius

Ex: blood vessels

Question 18

Spherical Law of Laplace

Answer 18

Tension= (pressure x radius)/2

Ex: alveoli, heart ventricles

Question 19

Surfactant production begins and matures

Answer 19

Begins: 22-26 weeks
Mature: 35-36 weeks

Question 20

Zone 1

Answer 20

PA > Pa> Pv
Dead space
Not in a normal lung
Bronchioles constrict to decrease the dead space

Question 21

Zone 2

Answer 21

Pa>PA>Pv
Waterfall
Blood flow proportional to Pa-PA

Question 22

Zone 3

Answer 22

Pa>Pv>PA
Shunt
Better perfused than ventilated
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to decrease shunt

Question 23

Zone 4

Answer 23

Pa>Pinterstitial>Pv>PA

Pulmonary edema

Question 24

Alveolar oxygen

Answer 24

FiO2 x (Pb-PH2O)- (PaCO2/RQ)

Pb=barometric pressure
PH2O= humidity of inhaled gas (assumed 47 mmHg)
RQ= respiratory quotient (0.8)

Question 25

Respiratory quotient

Answer 25

Carbon dioxide production/oxygen consumption 200mL/min / 250mL/min Assumed 0.8

Question 26

RQ changes

Answer 26

RQ >1= lipogenesis (overfeeding) | RQ 0.7+ lipolysis (starvation)

Question 27

A-a gradient

Answer 27

PAO2-PaO2 | On RAis 15mmHg

Question 28

IRV

Answer 28

3000 mL

Question 29

VT

Answer 29

500 mL | 6-8 mL/kg

Question 30

ERV

Answer 30

1100 mL

Question 31

RV

Answer 31

1200 mL

Question 32

CV

Answer 32

Variable

Question 33

TLC

Answer 33

5800 mL | IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Question 34

VC

Answer 34

4500 mL 60-70 mL/kg IRV + TV + ERV

Question 35

IC

Answer 35

3500 mL | IRV + TV

Question 36

FRC

Answer 36

2300 mL 35 mL/kg RV + ERV

Question 37

CC

Answer 37

Variable | RV + CV

Question 38

Functional residual capacity

Answer 38

35 mL/kg | Decreased leads to increased zone 3

Question 39

Closing capacity with aging

Answer 39

Cc equals FRC under GA @ 30 Supine @ 44 Standing @ 66

Question 40

Closing capacity

Answer 40

Closing volume + residual volume

Question 41

Closing volume

Answer 41

Volume above RV where small airways close during expiration | Happens when pleural pressure > airway pressure

Question 42

O2 carrying capacity

Answer 42

CaO2= (1.34 x Hbg x SaO2) + (PaO2 + 0.003) | How much O2 is dissolved in blood

Question 43

O2 delivery

Answer 43

DO2= CaO2 x CO x 10 | How fast O2 is delivered to the tissues

Question 44

O2 consumption

Answer 44

VO2= CO x (CaO2-CvO2) Approximately 3.5 mL/kg/min, 250 mL/min

Question 45

Normal Hgb and Hct

Answer 45

Male: 15g/dL and 45% Female: 13g/dL and 39%

Question 46

P50 left shift

Answer 46

Increased infinity (Left=love) ``` Decreased temp Decreased 2 3 DPG Decreased CO2 Decreased H+ Increased pH Hgbmet HgbCO HgbF ```

Question 47

P50 right shift

Answer 47

Decreased affinity (R=release) ``` Increased temp Increased 23 DPG Increased CO2 Increased H+ Decreased pH ```

Question 48

Where P50 occurs normally

Answer 48

26.5 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen

Question 49

PaCO2 changes on pH of blood

Answer 49

Acute respiratory acidosis- PaCO2 increases 10 mm Hg and pH decreases 0.08 Chronic respiratory acidosis- PaCO2 increases 10 mmHg and pH decreases 0.03 (renal HCO3- retention)

Question 50

Transport of CO2 in blood

Answer 50

70% bicarbonate 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% dissolved in plasma

Question 51

CO2 solubility coefficient

Answer 51

0.067 mL/dL/mmHg

Question 52

Haldane effect

Answer 52

Describes CO2 carrying Opposite of Bohr effect O2 causes RBC to release CO2 R shift=oxygenated hemoglobin Occurs in lungs L shift= deoxygenated hemoglobin Occurs in capillaries

Question 53

Level for CO2 narcosis

Answer 53

PaCO2 > 90mmHg