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Bio 30 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Biochem

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1
Q

Atoms vs Molecules

A

Atoms: Has a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Molecules: Formed by atoms. Atoms bonded by single, double, or triple bonds.

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2
Q

Atomic and Molecular structure

A 
Atoms are made up of 3 parts: 
Protons
- Found in nucleus of ATOM
- Have a POSITIVE charge
- Have mass of 1 AMU
Neutrons
- Found in nucleus of ATOM
- Have no charge
- Have mass of 1 AMU
Electrons
- Spin around the nucleus in the energy levels or orbitals
- Have no mass, but take up most of the volume of the atom
- Have a NEGATIVE charge
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3
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

In order for two molecules to bond together, “spots” must be opened up on each molecule so the atoms are inclined to form new bonds. A Hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule and binds with the Hydroxyl group from the other molecule (forming WATER) and allowing for the remaining two molecules to bond together.

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Alternately, in order to break bonds into two separate molecules, water must be provided so as to satisfy the individual molecules.

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5
Q

Covalent

A
  • Electrons are not gained or lost, but shared
  • Organic compounds have covalent bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
  • When atoms share 2 electrons = single bond
  • When atoms share 4 electrons = double bond
  • When atoms share 6 electrons = triple bond
    -The more electrons shared, the more stable the
    compound
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6
Q

Ionic

A

-One atom gives one or more electrons to another atom, causing the atoms to have opposite charges
-OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!!! Bonds form between the attractive force +/-
-An ionic compound has no net charge
Ionic bonds occur mostly in inorganic compounds

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7
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars: C12H22O11

Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)

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8
Q

Polysaccharide

A

3 or more sugars

Polysaccharides are three or more simple sugars
Glycogen is a highly branched chain of glucose, stored in liver of animals and muscles for quick energy
Plants store glucose as starch or cellulose (fiber) found in cell walls
Largest type of carb, contains
the most energy and takes
the longest to break down

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9
Q

Lipids

A

Largest biomolecule: contains C, H, O

Combination of Glycerol & fatty acids
Nonpolar/Do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Functions:
Long-term storage of energy
Building of structural parts of 
cell membranes (phospholipids)
Insulation
Water Repellant
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10
Q

Fatty Acids & glycerol

A

Long, unbranched chain of carbon and hydrogen
Amphipathic molecules:
Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end = polar & hydrophilic
Hydrocarbon end is non-polar & hydrophobic

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11
Q

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

A

Saturated lipids have all single bonds (wastes the cells time breaking all the little bonds that provide less energy)

Unsaturated lipids have formed double bonds between carbon atoms

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12
Q

Water – why is it so important?

A

Water is an excellent solvent because it is a polar molecule. One end is slightly negative, one positive, allowing water to easily pull apart ionic bonds and dissolving substances (such as salt—NaCl)
(Reminder: In a solution, the solute is dissolved by the solvent)

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13
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phospholipids
Two fatty acids joined by glycerol
Cell membrane – phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Covalent
- Electrons are not gained or lost, but shared
- Organic compounds have covalent bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
- When atoms share 2 electrons = single bond
- When atoms share 4 electrons = double bond
- When atoms share 6 electrons = triple bond
-The more electrons shared, the more stable the
compound

Ionic
-One atom gives one or more electrons to another atom, causing the atoms to have opposite charges
-OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!!! Bonds form between the attractive force +/-
-An ionic compound has no net charge
Ionic bonds occur mostly in inorganic compounds

Cohesion
Because of its polarity, water sticks to itself (due to Hydrogen Bonding), allowing for water movement (such as water moving up the xylem of trees, against gravity). Also explains why water stays in droplets when it rains.

Adhesion
Because of its polarity, water also sticks to other substances/surfaces (also helps for water to stick to the xylem of trees, to help pull water up tree)

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15
Q

Adhesion

A

Because of its polarity, water also sticks to other substances/surfaces (also helps for water to stick to the xylem of trees, to help pull water up tree)

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16
Q

Cohesion

A

Because of its polarity, water sticks to itself (due to Hydrogen Bonding), allowing for water movement (such as water moving up the xylem of trees, against gravity). Also explains why water stays in droplets when it rains.

17
Q

Amphipathic

A

Amphipathic molecules have two different ends: polar and non polar, or hydrophilic and hydrophobic. This property allows them to interact with lipids and water at the same time. Most common amphipathic molecules are soaps or detergents that allow for them to emulsify the fats (get into the center of the fat molecules and break them into little pieces that can then be dissolved by water.)

18
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Remember from chemistry that Like dissolves Like, so water mixes well with other polar substances.

19
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

Nonpolar molecules, however, do not want to mix with water and will actually repel water.

20
Q

Basic structure of Molecules

A

the smallest unit of a covalently bonded compound

21
Q

Purines vs pyrimidines

A

Purines – 2 carbon rings

	1. Adenine – A
	2. Guanine – G

Pyrimidines – 1 carbon ring

1. Cytosine – C
2. Thymine – T
22
Q

Overall DNA structure

A

Double Helix, Antiparallel

Sides: Deoxyribose and phosphates create the backbone
Rungs: bases connecting them …. complementary to each other.

Complementary Base Pairing
A with T
2 hydrogen bonds “AT”

C with G
   3 hydrogen bonds “CG”

these create the same size structure

23
Q

Covalent vs. Hydrogen Bonds

A

Both covalent and hydrogen bonds
Deoxyribose to phosphate = covalent
Deoxyribose to bases = covalent
Bases to base = hydrogen

24
Q

DNA vs RNA:

5 main differences

A
  1. Still made of nucleotides, but RNA nucleotides
  2. Sugar molecules are ribose not deoxyribose
  3. Nitrogen base = uracil (U) not thymine
  4. Single strand not double
  5. 3 different types
25
Q

Chemical vs. Mechanical

A

Teeth, Tongue and Palate play a main role in mechanical digestion (chewing).

Chemical digestion also begins in mouth with salivary enzymes, primarily SALVILARY AMYLASE that breaks down starch into maltose.

26
Q

The pathway/GI tract

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

27
Q

Different organs, structure and function

A

Esophagus

Stomach
Food travels through the cardiac sphincter and enters the stomach (one direction, or else heart burn!)
Gastric juice has a very low pH—continues chemical digestion
Kneading of muscle tissue—
     continues mechanical 
     digestion
Food bolus is broken down 
     into CHYME and then pushed
    through the pyloric sphincter

Small Intestine
Main purpose is to absorb nutrients from food
~6m long, incredible surface area to better absorb.
Vill and Microvilli
The small intestine is broken into 3 parts:
Duodenum (upper)
Jejunum (middle)
Illeum (lower)

Large Intestine
Absorbs water
Undigested food combined with bacteria gets the remaining nutrients out, what’s left=feces

28
Q

Accessory organs

A

Duodenum:
Gallbladder/Liver: Liver produces, and gallbladder stores BILE which enters through the bile duct. BILE breaks down lipids into smaller molecules through emulsification.

Pancreas: secrete pancreatic juice via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic juice contains these enzymes: LIPASE for lipid digestion (breaking apart glycerol and fatty acids), AMYLASE for starch digestion and TRYPSIN for protein digestion.

Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum:
Intestinal juice is secreted by all three parts. It contains these enzymes: LIPASE for fat digestion, MALTASE to digest maltose, SUCRASE to digest sucrose and LACTASE to digest lactose.

29
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Stomach releases pepsin
Needs acidic environment
Inactive=pepsinogen
HCl (acid) changes pepsinogen into pepsin
Breaks down proteins into polypeptide fragments

The low pH of the chyme entering the duodenum triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.

30
Q

Activation energy

A

For reactions to happen within the body, they require “activation energy” to complete the reaction. Enzymes allow for the reaction to happen without a large input of energy to initiate the reaction.

31
Q

Examples of 1 enzymes to digest each type of macromolecule - Where is it produced in the body?

A

Pepsin

Found in stomach

32
Q

List the parts of an atom. What are the charges and locations of all the parts?

A 
Protons
- Found in nucleus of ATOM
- Have a POSITIVE charge
- Have mass of 1 AMU
Neutrons
- Found in nucleus of ATOM
- Have no charge
- Have mass of 1 AMU
Electrons
- Spin around the nucleus in the energy levels or orbitals
- Have no mass, but take up most of the volume of the atom
- Have a NEGATIVE charge
33
Q

What are valence electrons and why are they significant?

A

Outer-most electrons

34
Q

What is an isotope?

A

two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

35
Q

What are the different bonds between elements and molecules and how do they differ?

A

Covalent
- Electrons are not gained or lost, but shared
- Organic compounds have covalent bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
- When atoms share 2 electrons = single bond
- When atoms share 4 electrons = double bond
- When atoms share 6 electrons = triple bond
-The more electrons shared, the more stable the
compound

Ionic
-One atom gives one or more electrons to another atom, causing the atoms to have opposite charges
-OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!!! Bonds form between the attractive force +/-
-An ionic compound has no net charge
Ionic bonds occur mostly in inorganic compounds

Cohesion
Because of its polarity, water sticks to itself (due to Hydrogen Bonding), allowing for water movement (such as water moving up the xylem of trees, against gravity). Also explains why water stays in droplets when it rains.

Adhesion
Because of its polarity, water also sticks to other substances/surfaces (also helps for water to stick to the xylem of trees, to help pull water up tree)

36
Q

What types of bonds would you expect to find with organic molecules?

A

Covalent

37
Q

What type of bonds form between the atoms that make up a water molecule? What type of bonds form between water molecules?

A

Cohesion

Adhesion

38
Q

What is activation energy, how do enzymes affect it?

A

For reactions to happen within the body, they require “activation energy” to complete the reaction.

Enzymes allow for the reaction to happen without a large input of energy to initiate the reaction.

39
Q

Describe the structure and function of an enzyme and what is meant by a “lock and key” model?

A

An enzyme is like a key that can open a specific lock and no other lock, the key remains unchanged after the “reaction” but the lock (the substrate) has changed (locked → unlocked)

Bio 30 (1 decks)

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