Unit 1/7 Test Flashcards
Deception
Any distortion of fact with the purpose of misleading others.
Debriefing
The post-experimental explanation of a study to its participants.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Reviews research proposals for ethical acceptability.
Sampling Bias
When the sample isn’t representative of the population.
Random Assignment
Assigning people to the control and experimental groups randomly.
Random Sample
Each member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen.
Experimental Design
The only design that can conclude cause and effect, manipulate variables to discover their effects, randomly assigns people to conditions, hypothesis testing, proves causation.
Quasi-Experimental Design
Looks like experimental design but lacks random assignment, casualty can be disputed due to lack of random assignment, ex: testing if a medicine has birth defects.
Correlational Methods
Tests whether a relationship exists between variables, hypothesis testing.
Descriptive/Qualitative Methods
Gather information through observation/measuring, non-experimental, describes general or specific behaviors.
Correlation
Measure of the extent to which 2 variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other, scattered plots show correlations.
Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists, ex: getting chilled and wet causes people to catch a cold.
Correlation vs. Causation
Correlation describes a possible relationship variables while causation indicates that one variable directly causes another.
Naturalistic Observation
When lab studies are difficult or less useful, researchers can observe subjects in their real life environment, ex: watching the guide dogs of America on camera.
Non-Response Bias
When people refusing to participate in the study can influence the validity of the outcome
Non-Response Error
You have to take note of how many surveys you give out and how many surveys were filled out.
Cross-Sectional Study
Comparing multiple segments of the population simultaneously.
Operational Definitions
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
Case Study
Descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing something universal.
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes/behaviors of a particular group.
Longitudinal Study
Data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Double-Blind Procedure
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment/placebo.
Confounding Variables
A factor other than the IV that might produce an effect in an experiment.
Direct Correlation
The presence of 1 thing predicts the presence of another.
Indirect Correlation
Presence of 1 thing predicts the absence of another.
Hawthorne Effect
The effect on the behavior of individuals of knowing that they are being observed or are taking part in research.
Ethical Standards
Researchers follow the standards identified in the APA Ethics Code to protect the rights and welfare of research participants.
