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Higher Human Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Potential uses of stem cells

A 
Crowns disease
Diabetes
Deafness
Blindness
Stroke
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2
Q

How have unspecialised cells become specialised

A

In structure and in biochemical properties

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3
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

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4
Q

Somatic cell

A

Cell division by mitosis

More somatic cells each with the diploid number of chromosomes

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5
Q

Germline cells

A

Cell division by mitosis
More germline cells with the diploid number of chromosomes
Cell division by meiosis
Sex cells formed with the haploid number of chromosomes

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6
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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7
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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8
Q

Somatic cells

A

Are differentiated cells that form the different types of body tissue that exist
Specialised cells
Any cell in the body other than those involved in reproduction
Diploid
Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Germline cells

A

Include the gametes and the cells that produce the gametes
Are sperm and ova (gametes) and the stem cells that divide to form gametes
Are found in gonads tested and ovaries

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10
Q

Division of germilne cells

A

Can divide by mitosis to produce more germiline cells which maintains the diploid chromosome number
Gamers mother cells divide by meiosis to produce gametes

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11
Q

Mitosis stages

A

Parent cell at rest
Chromosomes are seen under the microscope and become condensed and nucleus dissolves
Chromosomes make a copy of themselves and line up across the equator
Chromosomes become chromatids as the spindle fibres contract to pull the pairs of chromosomes apart to each side of the centromere where they are now called chromatids
Cytoplasm dissolves
Nuclei reform around the cell
2 genetically identical daughter cells are made to ensure no genetic material is lost

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Germline cell undergoes 2 divisions
1st division separates the homologous chromosome pairs
2nd division separates the chromatids like mitosis
Meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes

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13
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

Reproductive organs

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14
Q

Boy

A

Xy

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15
Q

Girl

A

Xx

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16
Q

Stem cells

A

Embryonic and adult these are unspecialised cells that can continue to divide and can differentiate into specialised cells of various types

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17
Q

Somatic cells

A

These cells divide by mitosis to produce more somatic cells they form different body tissues such as muscle,nerve and bone

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18
Q

Germline cells

A

These cells can divide by mitosis to produce more germline cells or by meiosis to produce gametes

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19
Q

Cancer cells

A

These cells divide excessively by mitosis to produce a mass of abnormal cells

20
Q

What is a gene

A

Section of DNA that codes and makes a specific protein

21
Q

Stem cell features

A

Are able to self renew by mitosis

Differentiate to specialised cells

22
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells

23
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Are derived from the embryo about 4-5 days old (bastocyst)
Cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types that make an organism
Pluripotent
Unlimited capacity

24
Q

Stem cell research

A

How cell processes such as growth, gene regulation work and differentiate
Study of diseases
Drug testing
Therapeutic uses in treatment of diseases such as leukaemia hunters disease and heart disease
Therapeutic uses in medicine including skin graphs for burns and stem cell grafts for cornea repair

25
Q

Where are adult tissue stem cells found

A

Brain
Bone marrow
Skin
Skeletal muscle

26
Q

Adult tissue stem cells

A

Multipotent
Replenish differentiated cells that need replaced in the tissues which they are found
Cells give rise to a much more limited range of cell types and will tend to develop into cell types that are closely related to the tissue in which they are found
Limited capacity

27
Q

How do cells become differentiated by selective gene expression

A

Only a small fraction of genes about 3-5% are switched on in a typical specialised human cell

28
Q

Differentiation

A

When unspecialised cells which are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells have the ability to divide to form specialised cells such as red blood cells

29
Q

Germline cells

A

If a mutation occurs this is passed onto the next generation

30
Q

Somatic cells

A

Do not pass a mutation to the members of the next generation

31
Q

Metastasis

A

They lose their molecules on their surface that would normally hold them in a place and can therefore be detached from their neighbours causing the cells to spread

32
Q

Cancer cells characteristics

A

Are able to continue to reproduce and form a mass of abnormal cells
They do not respond to normal regulatory signals that would instruct them to stop dividing

33
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Lose molecules on their surface that would normally hold them in place and can therefore be detached from their neighbours causing the cells to spread

34
Q

Benign tumour

A

Cancer cells continue to reproduce and form a mass of abnormal cells

35
Q

Other risk factors of developing cancer

A 
Sun exposure
Radiation exposure
Chemicals
Substances
Viruses
Bacteria
Certain hormone
Overweight
Poor diet 
Drinking alcohol
Smoking
Born with damage to genes
Activity levels
36
Q

What is a tumour

A

Swelling of a section of the body normally with no inflammation caused by an abnormal growth of tissue which can be benign or maligant

37
Q

How will a patient know if their cancer has spread

A

Cells can break away from a cancer and expand in the blood of lymphatic system to mainly anywhere in the body most types of cancer often expand to 1 or 2 places

38
Q

How can cancer be treated

A

Certain individuals diagnosed with cancer will only require a certain treatment however many individuals have a variety of treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immune therapy, hormone therapy, clinical trials may be useful

39
Q

Why does cancer increase with age

A

Over along period of time the cells in our body can become damaged once the cells are damaged the cells may begin to grow and multiply more than normal forming a growth called a tumour which is the start of cancer

40
Q

What is the human body made of

A

Many specialised cells that perform specific functions

41
Q

What do specialised cells do

A

Have specific structural, functional and biochemical properties

42
Q

How do specialised cells arise

A

From differentiation of unspecialised cells during embryological development

43
Q

What is cellular differentiation

A

Under genetic control and involves cell signalling processes

44
Q

What happens during differentiation

A

Genes which express proteins important for the function of that cell remain switched on

45
Q

What happens once a cell becomes specialised

A

It stops dividing and only expresses the genes are characteristic for that type of cell

46
Q

Specialised cells

A

With similar functions are grouped into tissues systems and organs and similar organs are grouped into systems

Higher Human Biology (1 decks)

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