Unit 1 Flashcards
William Morton
Dentist.
Invent way to fit dentures.
Delivered the first Ether vaporizer anesthetic in ether dome.
Invented inhaler to administer ether.
Oliver Wendell Holmes
A and P professor.
defined anesthesia as “the sleep-like state that makes painless surgery possible”
Lister
Fast surgeon with 300% mortality rate.
Developed carbolic acid to clean surgical instruments and OR.
Valerius Cordus
Credited for creating and describing diethyl ether.
Mixed ethal alcohol, iron shavings, sulfuric acid, chickens would fall asleep.
Ether has slow onset, lipid soluble, cardiac stable, stimulate respirations.
Ether
- slow onset
- lipid soluble
- cardiac stable
- stimulate respirations
- used recreationally
Joseph Priestly
Minister and recreational scientist.
Prepared Nitrous Oxide (N20) while looking for fresh air.
Discovered photosynthesis.
Recognized that oxygen was flammable and needed for cellular respiration.
Humphrey Davy
Wrote 1st textbook on N2O
“Laughing Gas”
Discovered N2O could be used for pain management.
Samuel Colt
Worked in tanning factory.
Sold N2O at traveling show to raise money to patent his colt revolver.
Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas
Prepared Chloroform.
Chloroform
- more toxic than ether
- decrease respiratory drive
- sensitized the myocardium to epinephrine (cause MI)
Crawford Long
Gave first ether anesthetic to remove neck tumor but didn’t publish it.
Amputated 2 of his slaves fingers without anesthetic.
Horace Wells
Harvard trained dentist.
Saw man inhale N2O and fall of a stage injuring his leg with no pain.
Used N2O on himself.
Demonstrated N2O that was considered “failure” because patient groaned.
Became addicted to N2O.
Edmund Andrews
A and P professor.
Discovered that oxygen needed to be given with N2O.
Body snatching for dissection.
Sir James Simpson
Scottish obstetrician.
Defined pain as “an unpleasant sensation caused by actual or potential tissue damage”
Advocated using chloroform for pain in child birth.
Dr. John Snow
1st Anesthesiologist.
Gave Queen Victoria chloroform during child birth.
Nightingale
Infection and sanitation
Pasteur
identified germs as cause of diseases.
Developed germ theory and immunization.
Sister Mary Bernard
1st person to graduate from a post-nursing school for anesthesia.
Alice Magaw
14000 anesthetics given with no deaths
Agatha Hodgins
Started AANA
Dr. Edmond Eger
Did all research and development into Modern Concepts of Inhalation Anesthetics (MAC).
Wrote textbooks on how anesthetics work on molecular level.
4 components of anesthesia:
- Amnesia
- Analgesia
- Muscle relaxation
- Physiologic homeostasis
5 phases of an anesthetic:
- Pre-op
- Induction
- Maintenance
- Emergence
- Post-op
Dr. Arthur Guedel
Did “part time anesthesia”
Developed 4 stages of ether anesthesia.
Developed cuffed ETT and oral airway.
Stages of anesthesia:
Stage 1: analgesia
Stage 2: delirium
Stage 3: surgical anesthesia (4 planes)
Stage 4: Medullary paralysis
Free drug:
unbound
non-ionized
lipid soluble
Drugs with high pulmonary uptake:
Fentanyl Sufentanil Alfentanil Meperidine Lidocaine Propranolol
