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AS chemistry > Unit 1-6 > Flashcards

Unit 1-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the period represent?

A

The number of shells

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2
Q

What does the group represent?

A

The number of valence electrons

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3
Q

What is the structure of metalloids?

A

Giant molecular: Infinite lattice structure

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4
Q

What type of bonding is involved in a metalloid?

A

Covalent: Very strong attraction between atoms due to the attraction between nuclei and shared electrons

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5
Q

What are the properties of metalloids?

A

Very high melting point
Poor conductivity

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6
Q

What is the structure of non-metals?

A

Simple molecular: Discrete molecules

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7
Q

What type of bonding is involved in a non-metallic structure?

A

Molecular (Van-Der-Waals): Weak forces between molecules

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8
Q

What are the properties of non-metals?

A

Low melting point
Nil conductivity

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9
Q

Why is the conductivity of metalloids considered to be poor?

A

Because some structures (graphite) are electrolytes but most aren’t

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10
Q

How do oxides of metals react?

A

Oxides of metals are basic
React with water to form alkali solutions
Will react with acids

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11
Q

How do oxides of metalloids react?

A

Oxides of metalloids are amphoteric
Can act as acidic oxides by reacting with bases
Can act as basic oxides by reacting with acids

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12
Q

How do oxides of non-metals react?

A

Oxides of nonmetals are acidic
React with water to form acidic solutions
Will react with bases

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13
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with water

How does lithium react with water?

A

Moves slowly on the surface of water
Fizzes as H2 is formed
2Li(s)+2H2O(l)LiOH(aq)+H3(g)

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14
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with water

How does sodium react with water?

A

Turns into a sphere
Moves quickly on the surface of water
Fizzes as H2 is formed
2Na(s)+2H2O(l)NaOH(aq)+H3(g)

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15
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with water

How does potassium react with water?

A

Catches fire and burns with a lilac flame
Moves very quickly on the surface of water
Fizzes as H2 is formed
2K(s)+2H2O(l)KOH(aq)+H3(g)

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16
Q

Reaction of group 2 elements with water

How does magnesium react with water at room temperature?

A

Very slow and little reaction
Mg(s)+2H2O(l)Mg(OH)2(aq)+H2(g)

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17
Q

Reaction of group 2 elements with water

How does magnesium react with water at when heated in steam?

A

A white flash produces H2
White powder of MgO forms because the HO thermally decomposes

18
Q

Reaction of group 2 elements with water

How does calcium react with water?

A

Steadily fizzes as H2 is produced
A cloudy white suspension is formed
The Ca(OH)2 formed is only slightly soluble
Ca(s)+2H2O(l)Ca(OH)2(aq)+H2(g)

19
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with oxygen

How does lithium react with oxygen?

A

Red flame burns brighter and more vigorously with oxygen
White powder of lithium oxide is formed
4Li(s)+O2(g)2Li2O(s)

20
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with oxygen

How does sodium react with oxygen?

A

Yellow/orange flame burns brighter in oxygen
White powder of sodium oxide is formed
4Na(s)+O2(g)2Na2O(s)

21
Q

Reaction of group 1 elements with oxygen

How does potassium react with oxygen?

A

Lilac flame burns brighter in oxygen
White powder of potassium oxide is formed
4K(s)+O2(g)2K2O(s)

22
Q

Reaction of group 2 elements with oxygen

How does magnesium react with oxygen?

A

Bright white flame burns brighter in oxygen
White powder of magnesium oxide is formed
2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)

23
Q

Reaction of group 2 elements with oxygen

How does calcium react with oxygen?

A

Brick red flame burns brighter in oxygen
White powder of calcium oxide is formed
2Ca(s)+O2(g)2CaO(s)

24
Q

What type of agent are metals?

A

All metals are reducing agents
Need to lose their valence electrons as they react

25
Q

What block do metals belong to?

A

The S block

26
Q

What is the general formula of group 2 carbonates?

A

All have the formula XCO3

27
Q

What is the solubility of group 2 carbonates?

A

Insoluble in water

28
Q

How do group 2 carbonates react with dilute acids?

A

Metal Carbonate+Acid→Salt+Carbon Dioxide+Water

29
Q

What are the control variables for thermal stability?

A
  1. Same number of moles of carbonate
  2. Same concentration and volume of lime water
  3. Flame distance
  4. Stop heating as soon as the same cloudiness is reached
30
Q

What is thermal decomposition of group 2 carbonates?

A

Decomposing with heat in order to give oxide and carbon dioxide
XCO3(s)XO(s)+CO2(g)

31
Q

How is limewater used to investigate thermal decomposition?

A

Limewater turns milky due to the formation of CaCO3
Speed indicates rate of reaction
Slows down the group since elements become more thermally stable

32
Q

What is the general formula of group 2 hydroxides?

A

All have the formula X(OH)2

33
Q

What happens to the solubility of group 2 hydroxides down the group?

A

Become more soluble upon descending the group
Magnesium is completely insoluble
Calcium hydroxide is cloudy since calcium is partially soluble
Strontium hydroxide is colourless since strontium is completely soluble

34
Q

How do group 2 hydroxides react with dilute acids?

A

Base+Acid→Salt+Carbon Dioxide+Water

35
Q

What is the thermal decomposition of group 2 hydroxides?

A

Decomposing with heat in order to give oxide and steam
Ca(OH)2(s)CaO(s)+H2O(g)

36
Q

What happens to thermal stability down the group?

A

Increases down the group
More energy needed to decompose compounds

37
Q

Describe the pH of oxides and hydroxides of group 1

A

Stronger bases than oxides and hydroxides of group 2
Higher pH values

38
Q

What are the uses of magnesium hydroxide?

A

Used as a digestion anti-acid medicine
Useful due to weakly basic nature
Neutralises excess acid

39
Q

What are the uses of calcium hydroxide?

A

Agriculture to alter soil and lake pH
Strong base

40
Q

What are the uses of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)?

A

Paper, soaps and ceramics
An alkali cleaner to treat aluminium before anodising
Neutralising of acids to make salts

41
Q
A

AS chemistry (7 decks)

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