Unit 1

Question 1

Define gross and fine skills

Answer 1

Gross: skills which contain large muscle groups
Fine: skills which contain small muscle groups

Question 2

Define open and closed skills

Answer 2

Open: skills effected by the environment
Closed: skills not effected by the environment

Question 3

Define discrete, serial and continuous skills

Answer 3

Discrete:skills with a defined beginning and end
Serial: skills made up of discrete skills joined together
Continuous: skills with no clear beginning or end

Question 4

Define self paced and externally paced skills

Answer 4

Self paced: skills which the performer decides the timing of
Externally paced: skills which the timing of the skill is decided by external factors

Question 5

Define simple and complex skills

Answer 5

Simple: skills which have a small number of subroutines
Complex: skills which have a a large number of sub routines

Question 6

Define low and high organisation skills

Answer 6

Low: skills which are made up of subroutines which can be easily separated
High: skills which are made up of subroutines which can’t be easily separated

Question 7

What is part, whole, part progressive and whole part whole practise?

Answer 7

Part: working on each subroutine in the skill in isolation (complex skills)
Whole: practising the skill as a whole(high organisational)
Progressive part: teaching subroutines in the order they will occur in the skill (serial)
Whole part whole: practising the skill as a whole then in subroutines then as a whole again

Question 8

Describe massed practise

Answer 8

Practising a skill continuously with no rests or breaks

Simple, discrete

Question 9

Describe distributed practise

Answer 9

Practise sessions which include rest intervals allowing mental and physical recovery

Question 10

Describe fixed practise

Answer 10

Specific movement patterns practised repeatedly

Closed skills

Question 11

Describe varied practise

Answer 11

Practising skills in different environments

Question 12

describe positive transfer

Answer 12

Learning one task is enhanced by another

Question 13

Describe negative transfer

Answer 13

Learning a new skill is negatively effected by a previously learnt skill that is similar

Question 14

Define proactive transfer

Answer 14

Influence of a skill on a skill which is yet to be learnt

Question 15

Define refractive transfer

Answer 15

Influence by a skill which has been previously learned

Question 16

Define bilateral transfer

Answer 16

Transfer which occurs between limbs

Question 17

Explain operant conditioning

Answer 17

-positive and negative reinforcement

Question 18

Explain cognitive theory of learning

Answer 18

• practise the skill as a whole

- performer must know where when and why to perform the skill

Question 19

Explain social/observations learning

Answer 19

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
More likely to copy if it's a significant other

Question 20

Explain what is meant by the title ‘cognitive phase of learning’?

Answer 20

Learning is beginning, have to think about the skill, rapid improvement, skill not fluent, high attention needed, success reinforced with positive feedback

Question 21

Explain what is meant by ‘associative phase of learning’?

Answer 21

Improvements less rapid, use internal feedback, consistency and coordination improved

Question 22

What is meant by the ‘autonomous phase’ of learning?

Answer 22

Skill is always automatic, very little feedback and thought, errors detected and corrected without help

Question 23

Explain what visual guidance is

Answer 23

Demonstration

Question 24

Explain what verbal guidance is

Answer 24

Guidance verbally

Question 25

Explain what verbal guidance is

Answer 25

Use of physical support

Question 26

Explain what mechanical guidance is

Answer 26

Use of a mechanical aid

Question 27

Explain positive feedbacks and it’s pros and cons

Answer 27

Praise for good performance
+ motivation and encouragement
-over used, become over confident

Question 28

Explain negative feedback and it’s pros and cons

Answer 28

Negative criticism about performance
+can give things to work on
-cause people to be demotivated

Question 29

Explain intrinsic and extrinsic feedback

Answer 29

Ex: feedback from external factors
In: feedback from sensory info. Sight smell hearing

Question 30

Pros and cone of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback

Answer 30

Pro: gives the knowledge
Con: won’t listen if you don’t like them

Pro: motivate themselves
Con: can’t be used during cognitive phase

Question 31

Explain terminal feedback and it’s pros and cons

Answer 31

Feedback after a performance is over
+can get feedback for next time
-could forget improvements

Question 32

Explain concurrent feedback and it’s pros and cons

Answer 32

Occurs during a performance
+improve yourself during skill
-can’t be used for all sports

Question 33

Explain knowledge of performance and it’s pros and cons

Answer 33

Info about performance from external factors
+improve performance /targets
-demotivated performer

Question 34

Explain knowledge of results and it’s pros and cons

Answer 34

Info on success or failure of the skill
+can see improvements
-demotivated performer