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PSY 304 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“breast-fed infants will differ from formula-fed infants on frequency of ear infections” is an example of

A

Two-tailed hypothesis

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2
Q

“breast-fed infants will have fewer ear infections than formula-fed infants” is an example of

A

One-tailed hypothesis

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3
Q

Operational definitions

A

measurable behaviors used, for the purposes of that experiment, to define some concept/variable

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4
Q

Regression analysis

A

statistical technique that examines the relationship between a dependent/response variable and multiple independent/explanatory variables; is based on correlation

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5
Q

Subject variables

A

any traits/variables that an individual brings to the experiment (ex: sex, birth order)

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6
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variables that, b/c of poor research design or insufficient control, may alter results (Z)

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7
Q

Repeated Measure Design is aka

A

Within-subject design

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8
Q

Why is longitudinal research non-representative?

A

a. Self-selection of those willing to participate
b. Selective attrition
c. Only a single age group might be studied, leading to a cross-generational problem

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9
Q

Cohort effects

A

results due to social or historical backgrounds of subjects in each cohort, not to age/development

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10
Q

Development involves both

A

Growth and decay

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11
Q

Counterbalancing

A

a type of experimental design (in the within-subject design) in which all possible orders of presenting the variables are included to eliminate practice and fatigue

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12
Q

Field experiment

A

applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world (naturally occurring environments) rather than in the laboratory

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13
Q

Maturation

A

Part of the “innate goodness” view: a genetically determined unfolding of growth and development (innate abilities)

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14
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Development is primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

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15
Q

Cognitive theories

A

Emphasize conscious thought

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16
Q

Cognitive developmental theory

A

Piaget

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17
Q

Behavioral and Social Cognitive theory

A

We can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured

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18
Q

Ethological theory

A

Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

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19
Q

Ecological theory

A

Emphasizes environmental factors (Bronfenbrenner)

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20
Q

Ecletic theoretical orientation

A

Selects from each theory the best features

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21
Q

Adaptive behavior

A

behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

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22
Q

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

A

Evolutionary psychology

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23
Q

Natural selection favors behaviors that increase

A

reproductive success

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24
Q

The human genome

A

the complete set of developmental info for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism

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25
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry the genetic material of an individual

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26
Q

Genes

A

stretches of DNA that code for production of a specific protein, corresponding to a unit of inheritance

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27
Q

Alleles

A

the different versions of a gene, which occur at the same locus on chromosome pairs (ex: brown vs. blue eyes)

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28
Q

Karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes in an individual

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29
Q

Nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group; form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

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30
Q

Gamete

A

a cell that fuses with another in fertilization: sperm or ovum

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31
Q

Mitosis

A

the process by which DNA duplicates itself

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32
Q

Meiosis

A

the process by which the gametes are formed

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33
Q

Crossing over

A

genetic material from homologous chromosomes is randomly swapped resulting in 4 unique chromatids: increases genetic variability

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34
Q

Crossing over occurs during

A

meiosis: prophase 1

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35
Q

Fertilization

A

a stage in reproduction during which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell (a zygote)

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36
Q

Most mutated genes are

A

recessive

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37
Q

Most ppl who have X-linked diseases are __, while __ will be carriers

A

males, females

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38
Q

Polygenetic inheritance

A

the characteristics are determined by the interaction of multiple genes

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39
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Chr. 12

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40
Q

Galactosemia

A

Chr. 9 or 17 or 1

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41
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Chr. 7

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42
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

the X chromosome becomes constricted and often breaks

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43
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

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44
Q

Mosaicism is possible in Down Syndrome

A

the extra chromosome shows up in some cells, but not in other

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45
Q

Hypotheses for why older women are more likely to give birth to a child with Trisomy X

A
  • Older egg

- Relaxed selection (false)

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46
Q

Relaxed selection hypothesis

A

® At conception, all mothers have the same chance of chromosomal abnormality
® At birth, older mothers have a higher chance: go through “relaxed selection”

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47
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

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48
Q

Patau syndrome

A

Trisomy 13

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49
Q

Turner syndrome

A

(X-) female w/missing X

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50
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

(XXY): males have an extra X

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51
Q

Triple/Quad Screen Test

A

□ Alpha-feta protein (AFP) □ Estriol
□ hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
□ inhibin A

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52
Q

Ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves are beamed into the uterus & their reflection reveals the size, shape, and position of the fetus

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53
Q

Chorion

A

the fetal membrane that will form the fetal side of the placenta

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54
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

A tissue sample is removed from chorion by pushing narrow needle in 15-20 times

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55
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Fetal cells are extracted from the amniotic fluid and cultured for analysis

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56
Q

infertility

A

inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse w/o contraception

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57
Q

-% of Americans experience infertility

A

10-15%

58
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

eggs and sperm are combined in a petri dish, then the fertilized egg is transferred into the woman’s uterus

59
Q

The success rate of IVF depends on

A

the mother’s age

60
Q

Consequences of IVF

A

Increase in multiple births, low birth weight

61
Q

Heritability

A

the extent that individual differences within some population are due to genetics

62
Q

Canalization

A

the degree to which a trait is constrained by genetics

63
Q

Range-of-Reaction

A

Genes set boundaries & establish a range of reactions; because of different genotypes, individuals will respond differently to the same environment

64
Q

Niche-picking (Active Interaction)

A

Genotype contributes propensities toward certain skills & abilities, we then seek activities compatible with our genetic endowment

65
Q

Passive Interaction

A

when parents set up an environment consistent with their (and their child’s) predispositions

66
Q

Evocative Interaction

A

when a child’s traits influence the behavior of those around him/he

67
Q

Shared environmental experiences

A

Siblings’ common environmental experiences, Accounts for little of the variation in personality/interests

68
Q

Nonshared environmental experiences

A

The child’s own unique experiences, Influenced by heredity-environmental correlations

69
Q

Epigenetic view

A

theory that dev. is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange b/w hereditary & environment

70
Q

Conception occurs when

A

a sperm penetrates the egg cell and fertilizes it, and the two cells combine

71
Q

Follicle

A

fluid-filled sac that contains the immature egg cell and surrounding cells

72
Q

corpus lutem

A

the ruptured follicle

73
Q

oocytes

A

immature egg cells in the ovaries

74
Q

Endometrium

A

uterine lining

75
Q

the sites of sperm production

A

seminiferous tubules (inside the testes)

76
Q

Prostrate gland

A

secretes fluid that nurtures the sperm

77
Q

The epididymis lies on top of the ___; Immature sperm migrate here to ___

A

seminiferous tubules; migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored.

78
Q

preformationism

A

theory that the egg or sperm contains a completely-formed homunculus

79
Q

Epigenesis

A

emergence of new structures during development

80
Q

placenta

A

provides a means of nutrition & oxygen, and a disposal system for the waste products of its own metabolism

81
Q

chorion

A

the outer membrane that surrounds the amnion: provides extra protection and exchange of nutrients & fluids

82
Q

amnion

A

a thin but tough sac of membrane that covers an embryo, protecting it: contains the amniotic fluid & growing embryo

83
Q

Organogenesis

A

Cell differentiation

84
Q

Unlimited stem cells

A

From fertilized embryos, are pluripotent (can develop into any type of cell)

85
Q

Limited (Adult) stem cells

A

Can only repair the organ from which they came

86
Q

neural tube

A

a pear-shaped hollow tube along the embryo’s back

87
Q

the face starts as a series of paired tissue mounds called

A

branchial arches

88
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks - birth

89
Q

sexual differentiation

A

process in which the fetus produces hormones that causes its sex organs to grow into male/female organs

90
Q

sexual analogs

A

originate from the same structure

91
Q

genital tubercle –>

A

M: penis
F: clitoris

92
Q

Urogenital folds –>

A

M: urethra
F: labia minora

93
Q

Labioscrotal swellings –>

A

M: scrotum
F: labia majora

94
Q

Eve principle

A

in the absence of androgens, fetus will develop external sex organs of a female

95
Q

Organizing effects of hormones

A

hormones alter structures in the body and brain

96
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

X-linked recessive trait that prevents cells from being responsive to androgens; chromosomal male develops into a female

97
Q

the most amount of growth for the fetus occurs during

A

month 4-5

98
Q

myelination of neurons occurs during

A

month 4

99
Q

vernix

A

oil-based deposit on the skin of a fetus or baby; month 4

100
Q

lanugo

A

soft, downy hair on fetus; month 4

101
Q

viability

A

can survive outside the womb

102
Q

Prenatal reflexes (2)

A

sucking, rooting

103
Q

Teratogen

A

any agent that causes a birth defect (structural damage) or alter cognitive/behavioral outcomes

104
Q

Clastogens

A

might cause damage to embryos in the fetus, but not necessarily structural damage

105
Q

oxytocin

A

the hormone which causes the labor contractions, underlies the release of milk

106
Q

breech position

A

the baby’s buttocks are the 1st part to emerge (normally, the head should come through the vagina first)

107
Q

The Apgar Scale is used 1-5 minutes after birth

A

Evaluates heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, & reflex irritability

108
Q

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is performed 24-36 hours after birth

A

Also used up to 1 month after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people/objects

109
Q

Low birth weight infants weigh

A

less than 5.5 lbs. at birth

110
Q

Preterm infants

A

those born 3(+) weeks before the pregnancy has reached full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)

111
Q

__ may help reduce preterm infants (in women w/history, short cervix, or pregnant w/singletons)

A

progestin

112
Q

Palmar reflex

A

hand grasping

113
Q

Rooting reflex

A

head turns toward direction from which cheek was stroked, opens mouth, sucks

114
Q

Moro reflex

A

aka startle, throws arms out

115
Q

Babinski reflex

A

toes pan out, foot twists in

116
Q

Cephalocaudal Principle

A

growth and coordination tend to move from the head downward

117
Q

(early childhood) 2 important contributors to height differences

A

ethnic origin and nutrition

118
Q

Menarche

A

a girl’s first menstruation

119
Q

the main class of male sex hormones

A

androgens

120
Q

the main class of female sex hormones

A

estrogens

121
Q

3 most rapid increases in growth

A

1) prenatal 4th month
2) birth-6 months
3) puberty

122
Q

Catch-up growth

A

After a period of stress or malnutrition if you fix it in time, they should go back to what they should’ve been

123
Q

Lagging-down growth

A

If some illness/metabolic dysfunction leads to over-inflated growth & the disorder is corrected, growth may stop or slow until previous trajectory reached

124
Q

Failure-to-thrive

A

low weight for the child’s age or low rate of increase in the weight

125
Q

Rate of brain growth isn’t as strong after

A

3 years old

126
Q

synaptogenesis –>

A

Increase (strengthen) neuron connections –> learn

127
Q

By age __, their brain is 80% the size of an adults’ brain

A

3

128
Q

Brain development very rapid in first __ years of life

A

2

129
Q

In general, development of the brain proceeds from __ to __

A

from back to front

130
Q

the hormone responsible for milk production

A

Prolactin

131
Q

Breastmilk is high in

A

lipids

132
Q

Cows’ milk is high in

A

protein

133
Q

DHA (docosehexaenoic acid) - omega-3 fatty acid

A

Promotes brain growth

134
Q

ARA (arachiodonic acid) - omega-6 fatty acid

A

Promotes brain growth and muscle growth & repair

135
Q

EGF (epidermal growth factor)

A

promotes cell proliferation and the maturation of many structures

136
Q

__-__ months is considered most critical risk for SIDS

A

2-6 months

137
Q

Brains of infants that die of SIDS show lower levels of

A

serotonin

138
Q

serotonin regulates

A

breathing, heart rate, sleep

139
Q

over __% of all U.S. males & only __% of world’s men, are circumcised

A

50% US, 18% world

140
Q

Risks of circumcision

A

Neonatal hemorrhage (one of the leading causes of infant death), infection, later erectile dysfunction (5x greater), decrease in sensation, damage to urethra

141
Q

Pros of circumcision

A

religious, prevention of UTIs and penile cancers, STDS, HIV/AIDs

PSY 304 (1 decks)

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