Unit 1 Flashcards
amino acid
a simple organic compound containing carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino (-NH2) group
eukaryote
a cell with a true nucleus containing chromosomes that divide during mitosis
phylogenetic tree
a diagrammed hypothesis about the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of a species
anti-codon
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
gene
the unit of heredity, the stretch of DNA that affects one or more of the traits of an organism, usually through encoded protein or noncoding RNA
prokaryote
a unicellular organism without a nucleus. often used to refer collectively to archaeons and bacteria
Archaea
one of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms without true chromosomes or a nucleus that divide by binary fission, differing from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology
genetic code
the correspondence between codons and amino acids, in which 20 amino acids are specified by 64 codons
protein
the key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell
Bacteria
one of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms without true chromosomes or a nucleus that divide by binary fission, differing from archaeons in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology
mRNA
the RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis, it carries the genetic “message” from the DNA to the ribosome
rRNA
noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation
carbohydrate
an organic molecule containing C,H, and O atoms that provides a source of energy for metabolism and that makes up the cell wall in bacteria, plants and algae
most recent common ancestor
most recent individual from which all the people in the group are directly descended
RNA
a molecule closely related to DNA that is synthesized by proteins from a DNA template
cell memberane
they define the cell, and physically separate cells from the external environment. define spaces within the cell that allow the them to carry out their diverse functions
MRCA
most recent common ancestor
Ribosome
a complex structure of RNA and protein, bound to the cytosolic face of the RER in the cytoplasm, on which proteins are synthesized
codon
group of 3 nucleotide bases that stand for an amino acid
nucleic acid
a polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information
tRNA
noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation
DNA
a linear polymer of four subunits, the information archive in all organisms
nucleus
the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.
“tree of life”
the full set of evolutionary relationships among all organisms, consisting of three major branches representing the three domains of life
DNA replication
the process of duplicating a DNA molecule, during which the parental strands separate and new partner strands are made
peptide bond
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (
transcription
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Eukarya
one of the three domains of life, consisting of cells with a true nucleus containing chromosomes that divide by mitosis
phospholipid
a type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane
translation
synthesis of polypeptide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of messenger RNA
asexual reproduction
Identical offspring are produced from one parent
germ cells
A cell found in either the testes or ovaries that undergoes cell division to produce gametes
recombination
the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.
allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
haploid
(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
s-phase
The stage of the cell cycle in which the genetic material duplicates (DNA replication happens)
centromere
Region of a chromosome forward to sister chromatids attached
homologous chromosome
Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
sexual reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).
chiasmata
a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.
independent assortment
formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.
sister chromatids
The to duplicate a part of a chromosome
chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
interphase
Period of the cell cycle between cell division
somatic cells
Normal body cell; undergoes mitosis and does not produce gametes
cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
m-phase
mitotic phase (cell separation)
sperm
semen
diploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
meiosis
Process in which that upper of chromosomes Purcell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
unicellular
characterized by the formation or presence of a single cell or cells.
egg
ovum
metaphase 1 and 2
Is mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
zygote
fertilized egg
fertilization
Is mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
mitosis
Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides
gametes
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.
codominance
both alleles manifesting the phenotypes, BOTH phenotypes show up (ex: blood A + B = AB)
complete dominance
Aa will have the same phenotype as AA.
dihybrid cross
2 individuals heterozygous for 2 diff. traits
incomplete dominance
heterozygotes exhibit both alleles simultaneously, blended together (red + white = pink)
independent assortment
alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.
mitochondrial inheritance
An inheritance pattern that results from the expression of mitochondrial DNA.
maternal inheritance
A form of inheritance wherein the traits of the offspring are maternal in origin due to the expression of extranuclear DNA present in the ovum during fertilization.
pedigree
A diagram of family history that summarizes the record of the ancestor-descendent relationships among individuals.
test cross
Any cross of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype.
