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SPAA 161 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular Tissue

Striated

A

under a microscope it looks striped, skeletal muscles (muscles that move bones) voluntary tissue (somatic)

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2
Q

Muscular Tissue

Smooth

A

around organs, involuntary parts, digestive track, blood vessels; sheet, flat looking in microscope

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3
Q

Muscular Tissue

Cardiac

A

tissue for the heart, autonomic, don’t control it, looks like a net upon inspection, combination of striated and smooth tissue in appearance and function

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

Neurons

A

passage way of the nerve ending getting the signal from the brain to the body, transferors of information- voluntary

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

Glial cells

A

nutrient transfer and the blood brain barrier

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6
Q

Fibrous (Ellipsoid) joint

A

little to no movement (like in skull)

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7
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

joins two bones (like between ribcage and sternum)

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8
Q

Synovial

A

movable between two bones (like in knee) contain synovial fluid as a lubrication
-types include
arthrodial
-gliding synovial joint that has flat surfaces
spheroid (cotyloid)
-reciprocal joints
-one surface flat, one concave (shoulder)

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9
Q

Bone is formed from cartilage

A

-babies start with a lot more cartilage and they develop into harder bones

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10
Q

agonist

A

prime mover (contractor)

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11
Q

antagonist

A

opposes the movement (extender)

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12
Q

origin

A

where it starts

least area of muscle movement

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13
Q

insertion

A
  • where the muscle goes to

- greatest area of muscle movement

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14
Q

synergists

A

stabilizes (ex. core muscles)

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15
Q

fixator

A

stabilizes the structure

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16
Q

isometric

A

-muscle contraction that does not produce a lot of movement

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17
Q

unique muscle factors

A

can contract 1/3 to ½ of their original length
bigger the muscle the lager contraction
muscle tissues can contract
-has excitability (innervated by nerves and electrical impulses)
-extensibility (they stretch)
-elasticity (snap back)
muscle diameter is directly related to strength

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18
Q

4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  • provide movement
  • open and close passageways (sphincter)
  • maintain and stabilize joints
  • generate heat
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19
Q

Speech Systems

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulatory
Resonance

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20
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gas between and organism and its environment
You speak on exhalation
Remind respiratory patients in through the nose out through the mouth
Slows heart rate
Oxygen in co2 out
Need 90% or better oxygen content in blood (healthy people have 98%and better)
Function: to provide oxygen, eliminate carbon, regulate blood flow, and driving source for phonation, Swallowing control so you can eat safely
Breathing is going to win over eating every time, that is why people with breathing problems aspirate

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21
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within decreases
Pressure: the force distributed over area
Negative pressure: will cause air to equalize
Positive pressure: molecules are closer together
Inspiration vs expiration is all about equalizing pressure between the inside and outside
Goal air to flow into lungs and equalize pressure
Pg 51

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22
Q

Pneumonia is more prevalent in the

A

right side because the bronchial tube more naturally flows into the right where as it turns hard into the left, so it is easier for liquids to move into the right side.

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23
Q

foramen

A

referring to a hole in the body for a nerve or blood vessel to pass through

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24
Q

facet

A

face of the bone “biggest part”

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25
Q

visceral pleura

A

Around each lung you have sac called visceral pleura it is a lining around the lung that allows for smooth transition and smooth movement.

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26
Q

Alveolus

A

microscopic air sacs that allow the gas exchange in the lung
Thin permeable membrane
Tiniest particles of the lungs

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27
Q

Three levels of breathing

A

clavicular
thoracic
Abdominal

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28
Q

clavicular breathing

A

-shallow breathing

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29
Q

thoracic breathing

A

-Involves part of the mid section, the thorax

30
Q

Abdominal breathing

A
  • the deepest breathing
    • most control, most air use, less stress, effort
    • engaging core
    • place hand on stomach to test if it moves
31
Q

engaged during inspiration

A

Thorax
Neck Muscles
Muscles of thorax, back, and upper limb

32
Q

MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION - Diaphragm

A

connected to the spine and pelvis
-Pulls down and out during inhalation
Up and backward movement of the rib
primary muscle of inspiration
*separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
*muscle fibers radiate from the central tendon to the vertebrae
*important part, central tendon, in the middle of the “bowl”
it pulls out in every direction, diaphragm itself does not move it depends on the tendons attached to it

33
Q

crura

A

the points at the bottom that are affixed to the spine
the heart is right above the central tendon; it is the floor to the heart
phrenic nerve the main innovator of the diaphragm, not a cranial nerve, strait out of the brainstem (aggravation= the cause of hiccups) automatic and somatic control
when you breath it is a vertical expansion and an outward expansion

34
Q

inhalation
ACCESSORY OF THORAX
Anterior muscles

A

External intercostals
Interchondral portion internal (internal intercostal)
starts on the bottom rib and connects to the one above it
contracts to get rib elevation on inspiration
active on inhalation** in green on picture

35
Q

inhalation
ACCESSORY OF THORAX
Posterior muscles

A 
Levatores costarum (brevis and longis) 
 Serratus posterior superior
36
Q

inhalation NECK muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

*primary for neck movement
helps to elevate sternum for breathing
if they turn to the “bad” side eating gets better

37
Q

THORAX, BACK, UPPER LIMB- movement during inhalation

A 
Pectoralis major 
Pectoralis minor 
Serratus anterior 
Subclavius
Levator scapulae 
Rhomboideus major
Rhomboideus minor 
Trapezius
38
Q

Expiration

A

Active expiration requires muscles to indirectly “squeeze” the air out
Achieved in two ways: rib cage expands, vertically and backwards
Contraction of the core
Internal intercostal pulls everything back into place

39
Q

Expiration

MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, BACK AND UPPER LIMB

A 
Anterior: (pulls ribs down)
 Internal intercostal
 Transversus thoracis 
 Posterior
 Subcostal
 Serratus posterior inferior 
 Innermost intercostal
 Latissimus dorsi
40
Q

Expiration

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

A 
Transversus abdominis 
Internal oblique abdominis 
External oblique abdominis 
Rectus abdominis 
Quadratus lumborum
41
Q

Expiration

MUSCLES OF THE THORAX

A

Internal intercostal
Transversus thoracis
Innermost intercostals

External costals

*Pulling down is also called depressing of the rib cage
latissimus dorsi- helps to keep the chest stable
auscultate- getting a stethoscope and listening

42
Q

transverse

A

top and bottom half

43
Q

coronal

A

front and back half

44
Q

sagittal

A

right and left half

45
Q

superior

A

above

46
Q

inferior

A

below

47
Q

medial

A

toward midline (middle)

48
Q

lateral

A

further away from midline

49
Q

proximal

A

closer to something (closest to)

50
Q

distal

A

farthest away from something

51
Q

external

A

outside of structure

52
Q

internal

A

inside of structure

53
Q

prone

A

person is laying flat, face down

54
Q

supine

A

person is laying down, face up

55
Q

flexion

A

extend and point or flex and draw (foot) muscles can only contract, tighten and shorten

56
Q

hyperextension backbend

A

–hyperextend spine (can hyperextend the neck)

57
Q

ipsilateral

A

same

58
Q

contralateral

A

opposite

59
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

60
Q

Epithelial tissue

Squamous

A

single layer of flat cells, lines blood vessels, heart, aveline of lungs

61
Q

Cuboidal

A

cubed shape in any structure that secrets something (thyroid)

62
Q

Epithelial tissue

Columnar

A

cylinder shape cells in stomach, intestine, gull bladder and bioducts

63
Q

Epithelial tissue

ciliated

A

cilindrical cell with hair fibers in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and brocial tubes

64
Q

Connective tissue

Areolar elastic

A

supports organs between muscles

65
Q

Connective tissue

Adipose fat cells

A

lies between muscles and organs

66
Q

Connective tissue

White fibrous

A

strong fiber/dense; closely packs between ligaments and bone

67
Q

Connective tissue

yellow elastic

A

allows for recoil, stretching/ getting back into original state

68
Q

Connective tissue

cartilage

A

firm yet flexible

69
Q

Connective tissue

blood

A

comes in white and red cells–white blood cells fight infectiions; platal, plasma

70
Q

Connective tissue

bone

A

hardes/firmest; can break bones and grow them back

SPAA 161 (5 decks)

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