Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics ATI > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Infants

A

1 month- 1 yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toddlers

A

1-3 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Preschoolers

A

3-6 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

School-Age Children

A

6-12 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adolescents

A

12-20 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Family Theories: Family systems

A
  • Family is viewed as a whole system, instead of the individual members.
  • A change to one member affects the entire system.
  • The system can both initiate and react to change.
  • Too much and too little change can lead to dysfunction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Family Theories: Family stress

A
  • Describes stress as inevitable.
  • Stressors can be expected or unexpected.
  • Explains the reaction of a family to stressful events.
  • Offers guidance for adapting to stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Family Theories: Developmental

A
  • Views families as a small group that interacts with the larger social system.
  • Emphasizes similarities and consistencies in how families develop and change.
  • Uses Duvall’s family life cycle stages to describe the changes a family goes through over time.
  • How the family functions in one stage has a direct effect on how the family will function in the next stage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Family Composition: Traditional nuclear family

A

Married couple and their biological children (only full brothers and sisters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Family Composition: Nuclear family

A

Two parents and their children (biological, adoptive, step, foster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Family Composition: Single-parent family

A

One parent and one or more children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Family Composition: Blended family (also called reconstituted)

A

At least one stepparent, step sibling, or half-sibling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Family Composition: Extended family

A

At least one parent, one child, and other individuals either related or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Family Composition: Gay/lesbian

A

Two members of the same sex who have children and a legal or common-law tie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Family Composition: Foster family

A

A child or children who have been placed in an approved living environment away from the family of origin- usually with one or two parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Family Composition: Binuclear family

A

Parents who have terminated spousal roles but continue their parenting roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Family Composition: Communal family

A

Individuals who share common ownership of property and goods and exchange services without monetary consideration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parenting styles: Dictatorial or authoritarian

A

-Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations.
Exp: The child is never allowed to watch TV on school nights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Parenting styles: Permissive

A

-Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions.
Exp: The child assists with deciding whether or not he will watch TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parenting styles: Democratic or authoritative

A

-Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason for each rule setting.
-Parents negatively reinforce deviations from the rules.
Exp The child can watch TV for 1 hr on school nights after completing all of his homework and chores. The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guildelines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parenting styles: Passive

A

-Parents are uninvolved, indifferent, and emotionally removed.
Exp: The child may watch TV whenever he wants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Family assessment should include

A
  • Hx- medical hx for parents, siblings, grandparents
  • Structure- family members
  • Developmental tasks
  • Family characteristics- culture, religion, economic influences, behavior, attitudes
  • Family stressors- expected and unexpected
  • Environment- availability of and family interactions with community resources
  • Family support systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Temperature: 3-6 months

A

Routes: axillary, rectal

37.5 C (99.5 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Temperature: 1 yr

A

Routes: axillary, rectal

37.7 C (99.9 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Temperature: 3 yrs

A

Routes: axillary, tympanic, oral (if child is cooperative), rectal (if exact measurement is necessary)
37.2 C (99.0 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Temperature: 5 yrs

A

Routes: axillary, tympanic, oral (if child is cooperative), rectal (if exact measurement is necessary)
37.0 C (98.6 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Temperature: 7 yrs

A

Routes: oral, axillary, tympanic

36.8 C (98.2 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Temperature: 9-11 yrs

A

Routes: oral, axillary, tympanic

36.7 C (98.1 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Temperature: 13 yrs

A

Routes: oral, axillary, tympanic

36.6 C (97.9 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pulse rates: Newborn

A

80-180/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pulse rates: 1 week-3 months

A

80-220/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pulse rates: 3 months-2 yrs

A

70-150/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pulse rates: 2-10 yrs

A

60-110/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pulse rates: 10 yrs +

A

50-90/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Respirations: newborn- 1 yr

A

30-35/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Respirations: 1-2 yrs

A

25-30/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Respirations: 2-6 yrs

A

21-25/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Respirations: 6-12 yrs

A

19-21/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Respirations: 12 yrs+

A

16-19/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

BP: infants

A

65-80/40-50 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

BP: 1 yr

A

Girls: 83-114/38-67 mmHg
Boys: 80-114/34-66 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

BP: 3 yrs

A

Girls: 86-117/47-76 mmHg
Boys: 86-120/44-75 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

BP: 6 yrs

A

Girls: 91-122/54-83 mmHg
Boys: 91-125/53-84 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

BP: 10 yrs

A

Girls: 98-129/59-88 mmHg
Boys: 97-130/58-90 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

BP: 16 yrs

A

Girls: 108-138/64-93 mmHg
Boys: 111-145/63-94 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Erect head posture is expected in infants after _____ months of age

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hair and scalp manifestations of nutritional deficiencies include:

A

hair that is stringy, dull, brittle, and dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Posterior fontanel usually closes between ____ to ____ weeks of age.

A

6-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Anterior fontanel usually closes between ____ to ____ weeks of age.

A

12-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Visual acuity may be difficult to assess in children younger than ____ yrs of age.

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Peripheral visual fields should be:

A

Upward 50 degrees
Downward 70 degrees
Nasally 60 degrees
Temporally 90 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The pinna of the ear should be pulled ____ and ____ for infants and toddlers

A

down and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The pinna of the ear should be pulled ____ and ____ for children older than 3 yrs of age

A

up and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Children and adolescents begin with ____ deciduous teeth and replace them with ____ permanent teeth

A

20

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Female breasts typically develop between ____ to ____ yrs of age

A

10 to 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Bowel sounds should be heard every ____ to ____ seconds

A

5 to 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by stroking an infant’s cheek or the edge of an infants mouth.
The infant turns her head toward the side that is touched and starts to suck.

A

Sucking and rooting reflexes

Birth-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Infant reflexes:

Elicited by placing an object in an infants palm. The infant grasps the object.

A

Palmar grasp

Birth-3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Infant reflexes:

Elicited by touching the sole of an infants foot. The infants toes curl downward.

A

Plantar grasp

Birth-8 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by allowing the head and trunk of an infant in a semi-sitting position to fall backward to an angle of at least 30 degrees. The infants arms and legs symmetrically extend, then abduct while the fingers spread to form C shape.

A

Moro reflex

Birth-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by clapping hands or by a loud noise. The newborn will abduct arms at the elbows, and the hands will remain clenched.

A

Startle reflex

Birth-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by turning an infant’s head to one side. The infant extends the arm and leg on that side and flexes the arm and leg on the opposite side.

A

Tonic neck reflex (fencer position)

Birth-3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by stroking the outer edge of the sole of an infant’s foot up toward the toes.
The infant’s toes fan upward and out.

A

Babinski reflex

Birth-1 yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Infant reflexes:
Elicited by holding an infant upright with his feet touching a flat surface.
The infant makes stepping movements.

A

Stepping

Birth- 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Romberg test

A

able to stand with slight swaying while eyes are closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Cranial Nerve: I Olfactory

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Difficult to test

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Identifies smells through each nostril individually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Cranial Nerve: II Optic

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Looks at face and tracks with eyes

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Has intact visual acuity, peripheral vision, and color vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Cranial Nerve: III Oculomotor

A

Expected findings Infants:

  • Blinks in response to light
  • Has pupils that are reactive to light

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Has no nystagmus and PERRLA is intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Cranial Nerve: IV Trochlear

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Looks at face and tracks with eyes

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Has the ability to look down and in with eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Cranial Nerve: V Trigeminal

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Has rooting and sucking reflexes

Expected findings children/adolescents:

  • Is able to clench teeth together
  • Detects touch on face with eyes closed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Cranial Nerve: VI Abducens

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Looks at face and tracks with eyes

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Is able to see laterally with eyes

72
Q

Cranial Nerve: VII Facial

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Has symmetric facial movements

Expected findings children/adolescents:

  • Has the ability to differentiate between salty and sweet on tongue
  • Has symmetric facial movements
73
Q

Cranial Nerve: VIII Acoustic

A

Expected findings Infants:

  • Tracks a sound
  • Blinks in response to a loud noise

Expected findings children/adolescents:

  • Does not experience vertigo
  • Has intact hearing
74
Q

Cranial Nerve: IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Has an intact gag reflex

Expected findings children/adolescents:

  • Has an intact gag reflex
  • Is able to taste sour sensations on back of tongue
75
Q

Cranial Nerve: X Vagus

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Has no difficulties swallowing

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Speech clear, no difficulties swallowing
Uvula is midline

76
Q

Cranial Nerve: XI Spinal Accessory

A

Expected findings Infants:
-Moves shoulders symmetrically

Expected findings children/adolescents:
-Has equal strength of shoulder shrug against examiner’s hands

77
Q

Cranial Nerve: XII Hypoglossal

A

Expected findings Infants:

  • has no difficulties swallowing
  • Opens mouth when nares are occluded

Expected findings children/adolescents:

  • Has a tongue that is midline
  • Is able to move tongue in all directions with equal strength against tongue blade resistance
78
Q

Birth weight is at least _______ by the age of _____ months, and _______ by the age of _____ months.

A

doubled, 6

tripled, 12

79
Q

Infants grow approximately ____ per month the first 6 months of life.

A

1 inch

80
Q

Birth length increases by ____% by the age of 12 months.

A

50

81
Q

Head circumference increases approx. ____ cm per month for the first 6 months.

A

1.5

82
Q

Head circumference increases approx. ____ cm between 6-12 months of age.

A

0.5

83
Q

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and/or ibuprofen (Advil) are appropriate if irritability occurs during feeding and sleeping from teething, but should not be used for more than ____ days.

A

3

84
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 1 month

A

Gross:
Demonstrates head lag

Fine:
Has a grasp reflex

85
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 2 months

A

Gross:
Lifts head off mattress when prone

Fine:
Holds hands in an open position

86
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 3 months

A

Gross:
Raises head and shoulders off mattress when prone
Only slight head lag

Fine:
No longer has a grasp reflex
Keeps hands loosely open

87
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 4 months

A

Gross:
rolls from back to side

Fine:
Places objects in mouth

88
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 5 months

A

Gross:
Rolls form front to back

Fine:
Uses palmar grasp dominantly

89
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 6 months

A

Gross:
Rolls form back to front

Fine:
Holds bottle

90
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 7 months

A

Gross:
Bears full weight on feet

Fine:
Moves objects from hand to hand

91
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 8 months

A

Gross:
Sits unsupported

Fine:
Begins using pincer grasp

92
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 9 months

A

Gross:
Pulls to a standing position
Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling

Fine:
Has a crude pincer grasp

93
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 10 months

A

Gross:
Changes from a prone to a sitting position

Fine:
Grasps rattle by its handle

94
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 11 months

A

Gross:
Walks while holding onto something

Fine:
Places objects into a container
Neat pincer grasp

95
Q

Gross and fine motor skills: 12 months

A

Gross:
Sits down from a standing position without assistance

Fine:
Tries to build a two-bloc tower without success

96
Q

Cognitive development: Piaget- Sensorimotor stage

A
  • birth-24 months
  • Separation, object permanence, and mental representation are the 3 important tasks accomplished.

Language development:

  • Crying is the first form of verbal communication
  • Vocalizes with cooing noises
  • Responds to noises
  • Turns head to the sound of a rattle
  • Laughs and squeals
  • Pronounces single-syllable words
  • Begins speaking two-word phrases and progresses to speaking three-word phrases
  • Says 3-5 words and comprehends “no” by the age of 1 year.
97
Q

Cognitive development: Psychosocial Development: Ericsson- Trust vs. Mistrust

A
  • Birth-1 yr
  • Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, stimulation, and caring needs.
  • Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met, or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by the infant.
98
Q

Separation anxiety begins around

A

4-8 months

99
Q

Stranger fear becomes evident between

A

6-8 months

100
Q

Nocturnal sleep pattern is established by

A

3-4 months of age

101
Q

Infant sleeps ____ hr daily and ____ hr at night around the age of 4 months

A

14-15

9-11

102
Q

Infant sleeps through the night and takes 1-2 naps during the day by the age of ____ months

A

12

103
Q

Hot water thermostats should be set at or below ____ C ( ____ F) to prevent burns from occurring.

A

49 C (120 F)

104
Q

Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until the age of _____ yrs or the height recommended by the manufacturer.

A

2

105
Q

Crib slats should be no farther apart than _____ cm to prevent suffocation.

A

6

106
Q

Crib mobiles or crib gyms should be removed by _____ months of age

A

4-5

107
Q

At 30 months of age toddlers should weigh ____ times their birth weight.

A

4

108
Q

Toddlers grow about ___cm (___in) per year

A

7.5 cm (3 in)

109
Q

Head circumference and chest circumference are usually equal by ____ to ___ yrs of age

A

1-2

110
Q

15 month motor skills

A
  • walks without help
  • creeps up stairs
  • uses a cup well
  • builds a tower of two blocks
111
Q

18 month motor skills

A
  • assumes a standing position
  • throws a ball overhand
  • jumps up and down with both feet
  • manages a spoon without rotation
  • turns pages in a book, two or three at a time
112
Q

2 yr motor skills

A
  • walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on each step

- builds a tower of six or seven blocks

113
Q

2.5 yr motor skills

A
  • jumps across the floor using both feet and off a chair or step
  • stands on one foot momentarily
  • draws circles
  • has good hand-finger coordination
114
Q

language increases to about ____ words by the age of 2 yrs.

A

300

115
Q

Toddlers develop gender identity by ___ yrs of age.

A

3

116
Q

Age-appropriate activities for toddlers

A
  • filling and emptying containers
  • playing with blocks
  • looking at books
  • push-pull toys
  • tossing balls
  • finger paints
  • large-piece puzzles
  • thick crayons
117
Q

Immunizations: 12-15 months

A
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) (third dose between 6-18 months)
  • Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
  • pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)
  • MMR
  • Varicella
118
Q

Immunizations: 12-23 months

A

-Hep A, given in 2 doses at least 6 months apart

119
Q

Immunizations: 15-18 months

A

-Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP)

120
Q

Immunizations: 12-36 months

A
  • Yearly seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV)
  • Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) by nasal spray (at 2 yrs of age)
121
Q

Toddlers should consume ____ to ____ oz of milk per day

A

24-30, and may switch from drinking whole milk to drinking low-fat milk after 2 yrs of age

122
Q

Juice consumption for toddlers should be limited to ___ to ___ oz per day

A

4-6

123
Q

Food serving size should be ____ tbsp for each year of age

A

1

124
Q

Foods that are potential chocking hazards are:

A
  • Nuts
  • Grapes
  • Hot dogs
  • PB
  • Raw carrots
  • Tough meats
  • Popcorn
125
Q

Toddler average ____ to ____ hrs of sleep per day, including 1 nap.

A

11-12

126
Q

Thermostats on hot water heaters should be turned down to

A

49 C (120 F) or below

127
Q

School-age children will gain about ___ to ___ kg (___ to ____ lb) per year

A

2-3 kg (4.4-6.6 lb)

128
Q

School-age children will grow about ____ cm (___ in) per year

A

5 cm (2 in)

129
Q

Onset of physiologic changes begins around the age of _____

A

9

130
Q

Age appropriate activities 6-9 yrs

A
  • Play simple board and number games
  • Play hopscotch
  • Jump rope
  • Collect rocks, stamps, cards, coins, or stuffed animals
  • Ride bicycles
  • Build simple models
  • Join organized sports (for skill building)
131
Q

Age appropriate activities 9-12 yrs

A
  • Make crafts
  • Build models
  • Collect things/engage in hobbies
  • Solve jigsaw puzzles
  • Play board and card games
  • Join organized competitive sports
132
Q

If not given between 4-5 yrs, children should receive the following vaccines by 6 yrs of age

A

DTaP, IPV, MMR, varicella

133
Q

Immunizations: 11-12 yrs

A

Tdap
HPV2 OR HPV4 in 3 doses for females
HPV4 for males
Meningococcal (MCV4)

134
Q

School-age children should be screened for ______ by examining for a lateral curvature of the spine before and during growth spurts.

A

Scoliosis

135
Q

Obesity is an increasing concern of school-age children and it predisposes them to low self-esteem, diabetes, heart disease, and high BP. Advise parents to:

A
  • Avoid using food as a reward
  • Emphasize physical activity
  • Ensure that a balanced diet is consumed by following the U.S. dept. of Agriculture’s healthy diet recommendations
  • Teach children to make healthy food selections for meals and snacks
  • Avoid eating fast-food frequently
  • Avoid skipping meals
  • Model healthy behaviors
136
Q

Approximately ___hrs of sleep is needed each night at the age of 12 years

A

9

137
Q

It is recommended that children use an approved car restraint system until they achieve a height of ___cm (__4 ft, __in)

A

145 cm (4 ft, 9 in)

138
Q

Gross motor skills: 3 yr old

A
  • Rides a tricycle
  • Jumps off bottom step
  • Stands on one foot for a few seconds
139
Q

Gross motor skills: 4 yr old

A
  • Skips and hops on one foot

- Throws ball overhead

140
Q

Gross motor skills: 5 yr old

A
  • Jumps rope
  • walks backward with heel to toe
  • Throw and catches a ball with ease
141
Q

Parallel play shifts to ________ play during 3-6 yrs (preschoolers)

A

associative

142
Q

Appropriate activities for preschoolers (3-6 yrs)

A
  • Playing ball
  • putting puzzles together
  • riding tricycles
  • playing pretend and dress-up activities
  • role playing
  • painting
  • simple sewing
  • reading books
  • wading pools
  • skating
  • computer programs
  • electronic games
143
Q

Eruption of primary teeth is finalized by the ____________ yrs

A

beginning of the preschool

144
Q

On average, preschoolers need about _____ hrs of sleep per day

A

12

145
Q

Immunizations: 4-6 yrs

A

DTaP, MMR, varicella, IPV

146
Q

Immunizations: 3-6 yrs

A

yearly seasonal influenza; trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV); or live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)

147
Q

Oral medication administration

A
  • Preferred administration route for children
  • Use an oral syringe for small amounts, medication cup for large amounts
  • Avoid mixing medication with formula
  • Hold infant in a semi reclining position
  • Hold small child in upright position
  • Stroke the infant under the chin to promote swallowing while holding cheeks together
  • Use a nipple to allow infant to suck medication
148
Q

Administering medications via feeding tube

A
  • Confirm placement
  • Use liquid formulation
  • Do not add medication to formula bag
  • Flush with water to clear tubing of residual medication
149
Q

Optic medication administration

A
  • Place child in a supine or sitting position
  • Extend head and ask child to look up
  • Pull the lower eye lid downward and apply medication in the pocket
  • Administer ointments before nap or bedtime
  • If infants clinch their eyes closed, place drops in the nasal corner
150
Q

Otic medication administration

A
  • Place the child in a prone or supine position with affected ear upward
  • Children younger than 3 yrs pull pinna down and back
  • Children older than 3 yrs pull pinna upward and back
  • Allow refrigerated meds to come to room temp
  • Massage the outer area for a few minutes following administration
151
Q

Nasal medication administration

A
  • Postion the child with the head extended
  • Use a football hold for infants
  • Insert the tip into the naris vertically, then angle it prior to administration
152
Q

Aerosol medication administration

A
  • Use mask for younger children
  • Allow parents to hold during treatment
  • Use distraction
153
Q

Rectal medication administration

A
  • Insert beyond the rectum
  • Hold the buttocks gently together for 5-10 min
  • Halve the medication lengthwise, if necessary
  • Perform quickly
  • Use distraction
154
Q

Injection medication administration

A
  • Change needle if it pierced a rubber stopper
  • Secure the infant prior to injections
  • Assess the need for assistance
  • Avoid tracking the medication
155
Q

Intradermal medication administration

A
  • Administer on the inside surface of the forearm
  • Use a TB syringe with a 26-30 gauge needle with an intradermal bevel
  • Insert needle at a 15 degree angle
  • Do not aspirate
156
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ) medication administration

A
  • Give anywhere in the SQ tissue
  • Inject volumes of less than 0.5 mL
  • Use a 1 mL syringe with a 26-30 gauge needle
  • Insert at a 90 degree angle
  • Use a 45 degree angle for children who are thin
  • Check policy for aspiration practices
157
Q

Intramuscular (IM) medication administration

A
  • Use a 22-25 gauge, 1/2-1 inch needle

- Vastus lateralis is the recommended site in infants and small children

158
Q

IM medication administration

Vastus lateralis

A
  • Position the child supine, side lying, or sitting
  • Inject up to 0.5 mL for infants
  • Inject up to 2 mL in children
159
Q

IM medication administration

Ventrogluteal

A
  • Position the child supine, side lying, or prone
  • Inject up to 0.5 mL for infants
  • Inject up to 2 mL in children
160
Q

IM medication administration

Deltoid

A
  • Position the child sitting or standing

- Inject up to 1 mL

161
Q

Intravenous (IV) medication administration

Peripheral venous access device

A
  • Use a 24-20 gauge catheter
  • Use a combination and intermittent IV medication administration
  • A child who requires short-term IV therapy may complete it at home with the assistance of a home health nurse
162
Q

Intravenous (IV) medication administration

Central venous access device

A
  • Short term: non tunneled catheter or peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC
  • Long term: tunneled catheter or implanted infusion ports
163
Q

Atraumatic care

A

the use of interventions that minimize or eliminate physical and psychological distress

164
Q

Developmental characteristics of pain:

young infant

A
  • Loud cry
  • Rigid body or thrashing
  • Local reflex withdrawal from pain stimulus
  • Expression of pain (eyes tightly closed, mouth open in a squarish shape, eyebrows lowered and drawn together)
  • Lack of association between stimulus and pain
165
Q

Developmental characteristics of pain:

older infant

A
  • Loud cry
  • Deliberate withdrawal from pain
  • Facial expression of pain
166
Q

Developmental characteristics of pain:

toddler

A
  • Loud cry or screaming
  • Verbal expression of pain
  • Thrashing of extremities
  • Attempt to push away or avoid stimulus
  • Noncooperation
  • Clinging to significant person
  • Behaviors occur in anticipation of painful stimulus
167
Q

Developmental characteristics of pain:

school-age child

A
  • Stalling behavior
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Any behaviors of the toddler, but less intense in the anticipatory phase and more intense with painful stimulus
168
Q

Developmental characteristics of pain:

adolescent

A
  • More verbal expression of pain with less protest

- Muscle tension with body control

169
Q

When is self-report of pain used for children?

A

older than 4 yrs of age

170
Q

FLACC pain assessment tool

A
  • Used for 2 months-7 yrs of age
  • Pain rated on scale of 0-10
  • Assess behaviors of the child
171
Q

FACES pain assessment tool

A
  • Used for 3 yrs of age and older
  • Pain is rated on a scale of 0-5 using a diagram of 6 faces
  • Explain each face and ask the child to choose a face that best describes how they are feeling
172
Q

Outer pain assessment tool

A
  • Used for 3-13 yrs of age
  • Pain is rated on a scale of 0-5 using 6 photographs
  • Have the child organize pics in order of no pain to the worst pain, then have them choose the pic that best describes how they feel
173
Q

Numeric scale pain assessment tool

A
  • Used for 5 yrs of age and older
  • Pain is rated on a scale of 0-10
  • Child reports number and points to it on the scale
  • 0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain
174
Q

Non-communicating children’s pain checklist

A
  • Used for 3-18 yrs of age
  • Behaviors observed for 10 min
  • 6 subcategories scored from 0-3
  • Subcategories include vocal, social, facial, body and limb, physiological, each with observable behaviors to be scored
  • 11 or higher = moderate- severe pain
  • 6-10 = mild pain
175
Q

Non pharmacological measure to help with pain in children

A
  • Distraction
  • Relaxation
  • Guided imagery
  • Positive self-talk
  • Behavioral contracting
  • Containment
  • Nonnutritive sucking
  • Kangaroo care
  • Complementary and alternative medicine

Pediatrics ATI (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions