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Chemistry Unit 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are protons and neutrons found in the atom?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Where are electrons found in an atom?

A

They orbit the nucleus

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3
Q

What does the atomic number tell you?

A

The number of protons

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4
Q

What does the mass number show?

A

The number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What does the group number show?

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell

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6
Q

Why are noble gases unreactive?

A

They have a full outer shell

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7
Q

What is the general formula for the saturated compound?

A

CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What is the general formula for the unsaturated compound?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A number with the same amount of protons, different number of neutrons

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10
Q

What is the formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What is the formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

What is the unsaturated compound?

A

CnH2n

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13
Q

What is the saturated compound?

A

CnH2n+2

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14
Q

What is the formula of calcium carbonate?

A

CaCO3

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15
Q

What is limestone also known as?

A

Calcium carbonate

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16
Q

Is calcium carbonate a compound or mixture?

A

It is a compound

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17
Q

What does calcium carbonate break down into through thermal decomposition?

A

Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What is heated in a kiln to make cement?

A

Clay and limestone

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19
Q

What is used to make mortar?

A

Cement, sand and water

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20
Q

What happens to limewater when carbon dioxide is present?

A

It turns cloudy

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21
Q

Calcium oxide reacts with water to create what?

A

Calcium hydroxide

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22
Q

How do you break down limestone?

A

Thermal decomposition

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23
Q

What colour is calcium oxide when it is hot?

A

Yellow

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24
Q

What colour is calcium oxide when cold?

A

White

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25
Q

How do you produce calcium oxide from calcium carbonate?

A

Thermal decomposition

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26
Q

What is the formula for calcium oxide with water?

A

CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2

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27
Q

What is a benefit of limestone quarrying?

A

Local employment

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28
Q

What is produced when Limestone is thermally decomposed?

A

Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

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29
Q

Why is it difficult to thermally decompose elements in group 1 in class?

A

Bunsen burners cannot reach a high enough temperature

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30
Q

What is mixed with limestone and sodium carbonate to create glass?

A

Sand

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31
Q

Which two ways can calcium carbonate be reacted?

A

Calcium carbonate and with acids

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32
Q

What type of rock is limestone?

A

Sedimentary

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33
Q

How does limewater convert into limestone?

A

Carbon dioxide is bubbled through it

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34
Q

What compound dissolves in water to form limewater?

A

Calcium hydroxide

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35
Q

Carbonates react with acids to create what?

A

Carbon dioxide

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36
Q

What can calcium hydroxide be used for?

A

Neutralising acidic fields

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37
Q

How is concrete made?

A

Sand and aggregate

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38
Q

What are the negatives of limestone quarrying?

A
  • Make the landscape ugly
  • Processes cause loud noises
  • Destroys habitats
  • Transport causes pollution
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39
Q

What is a negative of cement factories?

A

They create lots of dust

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40
Q

How is limestone used in a power station chimney?

A

It neutralises the sulfur dioxide

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41
Q

Which is more reactive, sodium or potassium?

A

Potassium

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42
Q

What are the trends as you go down group 1?

A
  • More reactive
  • Lower melting point
  • Lower boiling point
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43
Q

What are the characteristics of transition metals?

A

They are good conductors of heat and electricity

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44
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock that contains enough metal to make it economic to extract the metal

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45
Q

How are more reactive metals extracted?

A

Electrolysis

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46
Q

How are less reactive metals extracted?

A

Reduction with carbon

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47
Q

How is copper purified?

A

Electrolysis

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48
Q

Why is copper useful for wiring?

A

It’s soft so easily bent and a good conductor of electricity

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49
Q

What makes copper useful for plumbing?

A

Its a good conductor of heat and doesn’t react with water

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50
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of two elements, usually metals

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51
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

They contain atoms of different sizes, which distort the regular arrangements of atoms, making it more difficult for layers to slide over one another

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52
Q

What do all alkali metals have in common?

A

They need to be stored in oil and handled with forceps

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53
Q

What determines whether an ore can be extracted by reduction?

A

Metals lower than carbon in the reactivity series must be extracted by reduction

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54
Q

What happens when an ore is reduced?

A

Oxygen is removed from it

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55
Q

What is a negative of electrolysis compared to reduction?

A

It is much more expensive as it uses more energy

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56
Q

What is usually the electrolyte in electrolysis?

A

A metal salt solution made from the ore e.g copper sulfate

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57
Q

Explain how copper is purified?

A
  • Electrons are pulled off copper atoms at the anode, causing them to go into the solution as Cu2+ ions
  • Cu2+ ions near the cathode gain electrons and turn back into copper atoms
  • The impurities at the anode drop as sludge, whilst pure copper atoms bond to the cathode
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58
Q

Why is electrolysis used in the extraction of copper?

A

Smelting only gives an impure copper atom

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59
Q

How is copper extracted from a solution?

A

Displacement using a more reactive metal

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60
Q

What are the new methods of extracting copper ores?

A

Bioleaching and phytomining

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61
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Bacteria are used to separate copper from copper sulfide. The solution produces from this process contains copper

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62
Q

What is the disadvantage of the new methods of extracting copper?

A

They are slower and produce less copper

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63
Q

Why is it important to recycle metals?

A
  • They are finite
  • Extracting new metals causes pollution
  • Saves money due to using less energy
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64
Q

When is aluminium most useful?

A

As an alloy

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65
Q

What are properties of aluminium and titanium?

A

Corrosion resistant and low density

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66
Q

Why would aluminium be good for building an aeroplane?

A

Strong, malleable and light

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67
Q

What is a use of titanium?

A

As a hip replacement

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68
Q

What are some downfalls of metals?

A
  • Some corrode when exposed to water and air
  • If they corrode, they lose strength
  • Metal fatigue
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69
Q

Which types of steel are made from iron?

A
  • Low carbon steel (0.1% carbon)
  • High carbon steel (1.5% carbon)
  • Stainless steel (chromium added)
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70
Q

Why is crude oil called a fossil fuel?

A

Because it is formed from the remains of ancient sea creatures

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71
Q

Compared to large hydrocarbons, small hydrocarbons are…

A

More volatile

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72
Q

Is the top of an oil fractioning column warmer or colder than the bottom?

A

Colder

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73
Q

What happens to a liquid during its separation from a mixture by distillation?

A

Evaporation followed by condensation

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74
Q

Which fraction has the largest carbon chain?

A

Bitumen

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75
Q

What is a use of kerosene?

A

Aeroplane fuel

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76
Q

How do geologists find oil?

A

They study the rock structures

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77
Q

Which hydrocarbons are less efficient?

A

Those that have a longer chain

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78
Q

What is cracking?

A

When long hydrocarbon chains are converted into smaller hydrocarbon chains

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79
Q

What is a use of bitumen?

A

Tarmac

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80
Q

What is crude oil made up of?

A

Mostly alkanes

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81
Q

If a hydrocarbon molecule chain is shorter?

A
  • It is less viscous
  • It is more volatile
  • It is more flammable
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82
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

More volatile means it turns into a gas at a lower temperature

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83
Q

What are the negative gases produced by fossil fuels?

A

Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

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84
Q

What happens if partial combustion takes place?

A

Carbon monoxide and soot is released

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85
Q

How are sulfur dioxide emissions reduced?

A

The sulfur is removed before the fuel is burnt, or they are removed after combustion in power station by Aid Gas Scrubbers

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86
Q

What causes global dimming?

A

The soot that is released when fossil fuels are burnt

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87
Q

What is the result of global dimming?

A

Sunlight is reflected back into space

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88
Q

What are the alternate fuels being developed?

A

Ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen gas

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89
Q

What are the positives of using hydrogen gas as a fuel?

A

It does not emit any harmful emissions

90
Q

What are advantages of ethanol and biodiesel as fuels?

A

They are carbon neutral carbon neutral

91
Q

What are negatives of ethanol as a fuel?

A

Engines need to be converted and it isn’t widely available

92
Q

What are negatives of biodiesel?

A

It is expansive and we cant make enough to completely replace diesel

93
Q

What does cryolite do in electrolysis?

A

Lowers the melting point so less energy needs to be used

94
Q

What were the reasons for continental drift?

A
  • Fossils in the wrong climate
  • Matching fossils in different continents
  • Jigsaw theory
95
Q

Why didn’t some scientist accept Wegener’s theory?

A
  • He was an astronomer
  • He made incorrect calculations
  • Insufficient evidence
96
Q

What causes heat within the mantle?

A

Radioactive decay

97
Q

What are the proportions of gases in the atmosphere?

A

80% Nitrogen
20% Oxygen
Small proportions of CO2, water vapour and noble gases

98
Q

What was the earth like during its first 1 billion years?

A

Intense volcanic activity that released gases that formed the atmosphere and water vapour that cooled to become oceans

99
Q

Which planets was the earths early atmosphere similar to?

A

Venus and Mars

100
Q

What is the theory as to how life was formed?

A

There was an interaction between hydrocarbons, ammonia and lightning. There are also many others.

101
Q

What is the primordial soup theory?

A

Billions of years ago, the atmosphere was made up of nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and methane. Lightning struck, causing a chemical reaction, resulting in amino acids. The amino acids became a body of water out of which life eventually crawled (primordial soup).

102
Q

Which gases are involved in the primordial soup theory?

A

Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Methane

103
Q

What was the Miller - Urey experiment?

A

A closed experiment which tested the primordial soup theory

104
Q

What were the results of the Miller - Urey experiment?

A

They found similar results but not exactly the same, leading to questions about the theory

105
Q

Where did most of the carbon dioxide go from the atmosphere?

A
  • Locked up in sedimentary rocks as fossil fuels

- Dissolved into the ocean

106
Q

What is a negative of the ocean absorbing much of the atmospheres CO2?

A

It has had an impact on the marine environment

107
Q

What is air?

A

A mixture of gases with different boiling points

108
Q

Why is air fractionally distilled?

A

To provide a source of raw materials used in a variety of industrial processes

109
Q

What is the structure in which fractional distillation occurs?

A

A fractionating column

110
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

111
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process which breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons

112
Q

What is the catalyst present when reacting ethene with steam to create ethanol?

A

Phosphoric acid

113
Q

During ferementation, sugar is converted into what?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

114
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

When many monomer join together to form polymers

115
Q

Plastics are an example of what type of polymers?

A

Synthetic polymers

116
Q

What is added to a plastic bag to make it biodegradable?

A

Cornstarch

117
Q

Are polymers saturated with single bonds or unsaturated with double bonds?

A

Saturated with single bonds

118
Q

What does biodegradeable mean?

A

They are not broken down by micro organisms

119
Q

What are many polymers made from?

A

Fossil fuels

120
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

121
Q

Why is ethanol not a hydrocarbon?

A

Because it contains oxygen as well as hydrogen and carbon

122
Q

Which two ways can you make ethanol?

A

Fermentation of a sugar solution and hydration

123
Q

What is a continuous process?

A

Reactants are constantly being put into the reaction vessel, and products are always being taken out

124
Q

What is a batch process?

A

The reaction vessel must be emptied and cleaned when the reaction is complete

125
Q

What is the name of the process when seeds are crushed and then the crushed material is squeezed to form oil?

A

Pressing

126
Q

How can oil that has been extracted by distillation be refined?

A

By removing water and other impurities

127
Q

Where do biodiesels come from?

A

Plants which have had their oil extracted

128
Q

Why do chemists crack oil?

A

To get the more useful materials out of the oil

129
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

130
Q

Do alkanes or alkenes have a C=C double bond?

A

Alkenes

131
Q

Describe cracking?

A
  • Heat and vaporise the long chain hydrocarbon
  • Pass vapour over a powdered catalyst between 400-700 degrees celcius
  • Aluminium oxide is the catalyst used
  • The long chain molecules then split on the surface of the catalyst
132
Q

What are the 3 methods for extracting plant oils?

A

Cold pressing

  • Steam distillation
  • Solvent extraction
133
Q

What is the highest temperature oils can be extracted using cold pressing?

A

50 degrees celcius

134
Q

What are advantages of steam distillation?

A
  • Efficient

- Due to the use of water, a byproduct can be created to sell

135
Q

What physical state is saturated fat at room temperature?

A

Solid, it also has only C-C single bonds

136
Q

What physical state is unsaturated fat at room temperature?

A

Liquid, it has double bonds C=C

137
Q

What conditions are needed for hardening oil?

A

60 degrees, hydrogen and a nickel catalyst

138
Q

How does hydrogenation harden vegetable oil?

A

The C=C in unsaturated oil breaks open and joins with the hydrogen, to give only C-C bonds and forms unsaturated oil

139
Q

Why is oil better at cooking some foods than using water?

A

It has a higher boiling point, so the food can be cooked at a higher temperature and will cook quicker

140
Q

Why do unsaturated fats have a lower boiling point?

A

They have C=C bonds, which means that they cannot rotate as easily, and have smaller intermolecular forces which means they need less energy to change state

141
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A mixture of small globules of one liquid suspended in another that are immiscible because they will not mix

142
Q

Why do you use detergent to wash dishes?

A

It is an emulsifier that allows the emulsion of fat molecules and water molecules to mix up and wash them off the plate

143
Q

What does immiscible mean?

A

Does not mix or combine

144
Q

What are hydrogenated vegetable oils used for?

A

Baking and cooking

145
Q

What are the features of an emulsifier?

A
  • Small hydrophilic head

- Long hydrophobic tail

146
Q

How many different elements are there?

A

About 100

147
Q

Why is helium different from other noble gases?

A

It still has a full outer shell, but only has 2 electrons in this shell

148
Q

Why is the mass of products always equal to the mass of reactants?

A

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction

149
Q

What is formed when a carbonate reacts with an acid?

A

Carbon dioxide, salt and water

150
Q

How can copper be extracted from copper-rich ores?

A

Smelting in a furnace

151
Q

What is a blast furnace made up of?

A

96% iron

152
Q

Why is iron used in a blast furnace?

A

It stays strong during compression

153
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen formed?

A

At high temperatures

154
Q

How do alkenes react with bromine water?

A

Turn it from orange to colourless

155
Q

How do alkanes react with bromine water?

A

Stays orange (no reaction)

156
Q

What are the new uses for polymers?

A
  • Hydrogels
  • Waterproof coatings
  • dental polymers
157
Q

What is equation to show the fermentation of sugar?

A

Sugar -> CO2 + Ethanol

158
Q

Why are vegetable oils very important?

A
  • They provide a lot of energy

- They provide nutrients

159
Q

What is the main reason that vegetable oils are used?

A

-Increases the energy that the food releases when it is eaten

160
Q

What is the viscosity of an emulsion?

A

Thicker than oil

161
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

Hydration of ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst

Fermentation with yeast

162
Q

Why are vegetable oils important fuels?

A

They provide lots of energy

163
Q

Why are vegetable oils important foods?

A

They provide lots of energy and nutrients

164
Q

Are vegetable oils saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

165
Q

What catalyst is used to harden vegetable oils?

A

Nickel

166
Q

What conditions are needed to harden vegetable oils?

A

60°c

167
Q

Why can’t aluminium and titanium be extractes from their oxides with carbon?

A

It’s too expensive

168
Q

Why is too expensive to extract aluminium and titanium?

A

There are too many stages in the process and large amounts of energy are needed

169
Q

Why do most metals to require chemical reactions to extract them?

A

Because they are mostly found in compounds

170
Q

What is a leachate?

A

The solution that is produced by the process of bioleaching

It contains copper

171
Q

What is the process called when copper ore is heated in a furnace?

A

Smelting

172
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Growing plants in copper rich soils

173
Q

Why does copper build up in the leaves of plants?

A

Because it doesn’t use or get of the metal

174
Q

What happens after plants are harvested in phytomining?

A

They are burnt in a furnace and then the copper is collected from the ash

175
Q

How is CO2 removed from the atmosphere?

A
  • Plants photosynthesizing
  • Dissolved in oceans
  • Locked up in sedimentary rock
176
Q

How is CO2 added to the atmosphere?

A
  • Plants and animals dying
  • Fossil fuels burning
  • Living things respiring
177
Q

What is the composition of the mantle?

A

Solid but able to move slowly

178
Q

What produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere?

A

Plants and algae by photosynthesis

179
Q

How was limestone formed?

A

From the shells and skeletons of marine organisms

180
Q

What is an industrial use of air?

A

It can be fractionally distilled to provide a source of raw materials

181
Q

What happened when the earth cooled?

A

Water vapour in the air condensed into oceans

182
Q

What is the emulsifiers effect on food?

A
  • Improve texture
  • Improve taste
  • Encourages us to eat more high fat foods
183
Q

Which type of fat is better for the health?

A

Unsaturated

184
Q

How do emulsifiers keep liquids mixed?

A

The hydrophobic parts of the emulsifier go into small oil droplets, so each droplet is surrounded by the hydrophillic (water)parts. This keeps each oil droplet apart and the mixture together.

185
Q

What are two advantages of cooking with vegetable oil?

A
  • Quicker coooking

- Releases more energy when food is eaten

186
Q

What are the advantages of hydrogenated oils being solid at room temperature?

A

They can be used as spreads and to make pastries which require solid fats

187
Q

What is hydration?

A

The reaction of ethene with steam at a high temperature in the presence of phosphoric acid to create ethanol

188
Q

What are the advantages of using fermentation to create ethanol?

A
  • It is a renewable resource

- It is done at room temperature

189
Q

What are the disadvantages of using fermentation to create ethanol?

A
  • It produces an impure solution of ethanol

- It is a long process as it has to be done in batches

190
Q

What are the advantages of using hydration to create ethanol?

A
  • Produces pure ethanol

- It is a continuous process

191
Q

What are the disadvantages of using hydration to create ethanol?

A
  • It is non renewable

- Requires a high amount of energy

192
Q

How is ethanol produced by fermentation?

A

The enzymes in yeast cause plant sugar to convert into ethanoland carbon dioxide

193
Q

What is the formula of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

194
Q

What is a smart polymer?

A

A polymer which changes in response to changes in the environment

195
Q

What is a biofuels?

A

A fuel made from animal or plant products

196
Q

What is produced when fuels are burned in extreme conditions?

A

Nitrogen oxides

197
Q

How is iron made from iron oxide?

A

It is reduced in a blast furnace

198
Q

What does the boiling point of a hydrocarbon depend on?

A

The size of its molecule - The larger the molecule, the higher the boiling point

199
Q

How do group 1 metals react with water and air?

A

They all react vigorously with both

200
Q

Which is the only noble gas without 8 electrons in its outer shell?

A

Helium - it only has 2 electrons in its 1 shell

201
Q

What is limestone needed for?

A

Building

202
Q

What are the uses of blast furnace iron?

A

Used as cast iron because of its strength in compression

203
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of hydrogen?

A
  • Water

- CO2

204
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion of hydrogen?

A
  • Water

- Carbon monoxide

205
Q

Copper sulfate + iron -> ?

A

Iron sulfate + copper

206
Q

Why does iron straight from a blast furnace make it have limited uses?

A

The impurities make it brittle

207
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

The mixed size of atoms make the layers harder to slide over eachother

208
Q

Pro’s of using ethanol as a fuel?

A

It produces very little pollution

A renewable resource

209
Q

Con’s of using ethanol as a fuel?

A

Engines need to be converted before they will work with ethanol fuels
It isn’t widely available

210
Q

Why are there worries about an increase demand for ethanol fuel?

A

Farmers will switch to growing crops for ethanol rather than food crops which will increase food prices

211
Q

Pro’s of using hydrogen gas a fuel?

A

It is clean and renewable

212
Q

How is hydrogen extracted?

A

Electrolysis of water

213
Q

Con’s of using hydrogen gas as a fuel?

A

You need an expensive engine to be able to run on it

It is hard to store

214
Q

What are three environmental impacts of burning hydrocarbons?

A

Encouraging global warming
Acid rain from sulfur dioxide release
Global dimming as soot and ash reflect sunlight back into space

215
Q

What are benefits of using biodiesel?

A

Its carbon neutral
Engines don’t need to be converted
Produces less sulfur dioxide

216
Q

What are some drawbacks/risks of using biodiesel?

A

We can’t make enough to completely replace diesel

It can improve food prices (same reason as ethanol)

217
Q

What happens to carbon and hydrogen when they are combusted?

A

They are oxidised

218
Q

What are the two different methods of cracking?

A

Passing vaporised hydrocarbon over a hot catalyst

Mix the vaporised hydrocarbon with steam at a very high temperature

219
Q

What is the catalyst used in cracking?

A

Aluminium oxide

220
Q

What is the catalyst used for hydration of ethene to get ethanol?

A

HEATED phosphoric acid

221
Q

What are the advantages of using emulsifiers?

A

They give food a longer shelf life

They allow food companies to produce food that is lower in fat but still has good texture

222
Q

What is a disadvantage of using emulsifiers in food?

A

People can be allergic to them, like egg yolks which are commonly used

Chemistry Unit 1 (1 decks)

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