Unit 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is apraxia of speech?
A
neurologic disorder that reflects an impaired ability to plan or program movements for speech
2
Q
What is dysarthria?
A
The collective name for a group of neurologic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of speech movements
3
Q
How are developmental motor speech disorders characterized?
A
Onset of the disorder is prior to language (before age 2)
4
Q
What is an example of a developmental motor speech disorder?
A
CP- often caused by a stroke in utero or anoxia/hypoxia during birth
5
Q
An acquired motor speech disorder is _______
A
after the onset of language
6
Q
The central nervous system is comprised of the __________ and the ______________.
A
Brain and spinal cord
7
Q
The peripheral nervous system is composed of…?
A
cranial, spinal, and the peripheral autonomic nerves
8
Q
How many cranial nerves are in the PNS?
A
12
9
Q
How many spinal nerves are in the PNS?
A
31
10
Q
What is the purpose of peripheral autonomic nerves?
A
Carry sensory information from the peripheral organs to the brain
11
Q
What is the purpose of cranial nerves?
A
The cranial nerves project from parts of the CNS within the skull and innervate many organs and muscles of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen
12
Q
What is the purpose of spinal nerves
A
Spinal nerves branch from the spinal chord and innervate most of the other muscles of the body: chest, arms, and legs
13
Q
What protects the brain, brainstem, and cerebellum?
A
Skull
14
Q
What supports and protects the spinal cord?
A
The vertebrae
15
Q
How many total vertebrae are there?
A
33
16
Q
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
A
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
17
Q
What are the 3 spaces between the meninges?
A
Epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space
18
Q
Where is the epidural space?
A
Between the skull and the dura
19
Q
Where is the subdural space?
A
Below the dura mater
20
Q
Where is the subarachnoid space?
A
beneath the the arachnoid
21
Q
Which space is filled with cerebral spinal fluid?
A
The subarachnoid space
22
Q
Diseases capable of producing MSDs that involve the meninges and spaces stem from…?
A
infection, venous vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, or trauma w/ hemorrhage and edema
23
Q
What are the 3 parts of a neuron (nerve cell)?
A
cell body, dendrites, and axon
24
Q
Which part of the neuron is covered with myelin?
A
Axon
25
What are tracts?
Tracts are bundles of axons following similar path in the CNS
26
Grey matter consists of...?
Neurons and glial cells
27
What matter is composed of...?
myelinated axons
28
What occurs between the axon and another dendrite?
a synapse
29
3 different etiologies of neuronal loss
1. Ischemia
2. motor neuron diseases
3. demyelinating diseases
30
What is ischemia?
A deprivation of oxygen- occurs during a stroke
31
What are motor neuron diseases?
Involve the degeneration of motor neurons: e.g., ALS
32
What are demyelinating diseases?
The myelin on the axons is attacked/broken down (e.g., MS)
33
Apraxia results from damage to the _________________.
The frontal lobe (Broca's area, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex)
34
Damage to the primary motor cortex causes...
weakness or paraylsis to muscle groups on the contralateral side of the body
35
What will happen if dopamine levels are lowered?
muscular rigidity, tremor, gait, disturbances and difficulty initiating movement
36
What is a track?
A bundle of neurons that travel together for a specific function in the CNS
37
What is a nerve?
A bundle of neurons that travel together for a specific function in the PNS
38
5 steps in the basic expressive communication model
1. Cognitve/conceptualization level
2. Linguistic planning
3. motor planning/programming
4. speech production/performance
5. feedback
39
What are three types of motor acts?
1. Autonomic motor functions (e.g., heart beat)
2. Reflexes, automatic responses to external stimuli (startle reflex)
3. Voluntary motor acts
40
What type of motor speech disorder results in damage to planning/programming?
APRAXIA
41
Where is the SOL for acquired apraxia?
Broca's area or surrounding area in the the left frontal lobe
42
Acquired apraxia often co-occurs w/ _________
aphasia
43
What are speech characteristics of apraxia?
Groping, better in short, automatic speech
44
What is childhood apraxia of speech?
A motor planning deficit, no lesion, often difficulty pregnancy/birth
45
What are speech characteristics of CAS?
groping, better short speech, early developing phonemes are in error
46
Where are Upper motor neurons?
STAY IN the CNS
47
What are upper motor neurons?
The neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and the neuron's axons descend as part of the corticobulbar or corticospinal tracts to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem or to the ventral horn of the spinal cord
48
What are the upper motor neurons part of?
Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal pathways
49
Where do upper motor neurons end?
at the cranial nerves and control circuits
50
What is the pyramidal activation pathway?
Long axons of either the corticospinal or corticobulbar tract with monosynaptic connections
51
Where does the synapse occur in the corticospinal tract?
spinal nerves
52
Where does the synapse occur in the corticobulbar tract?
cranial nerves at different levels of the brain stem
53
Why is the corticospinal tract important for speech?
Plays a role in respiration
54
Why is the corticobulbar tract important for speech production?
Controls all voluntary muscles for speech- controls what to move when
55
Each hemisphere's uppon motor neuron pathway innervates ___________
Lower motor neurons on the opposite side of the body
56
Most of the upper motor neuron innervation of the cranial nerves is primarily __________.
BILATERAL
57
Which parts are not innervated bilaterally?
Lower face and tongue
58
What will happen if there is unilateral upper motor neuron damage?
Reduction of skilled movements and possible weakness on the opposite side of the body
59
What results from unilateral UMN damage?
dysarthria
60
What are control circuits?
A circuit that loops infomration in various structures and sends information back to the cortex
61
What are 2 control circuits?
1. Basal ganglia control circuit
| 2. cerebellar control circuit
62
Lower motor neurons are also called what?
Cranial nerves
63
What is the purpose of the cerebellar control circuit?
Uses feedback from periphery to give information back to the cortex for smooth, coordinated movement
64
What does the cerebellar control circuit coordinate?
fine motor movements, balance, regulates rate, range, direction, and force of movements
65
Damage to the cerebellar control circuit results in what?
Ataxic dysarthria "drunken" movements
66
Where does the indirect activation pathway originate and end?
originates- motor areas of the cortex
| ends- cranial and spinal nerves
67
Indirect pathways are __________
Polysynaptic
68
What does the indirect activation system regulate?
Muscle tone, posture, suppresses unnecessary movements, supportive of voluntary movements, and reflex activities
69
What does the rubrospinal tract control?
muscle tone for posture
70
What does the reticulospinal tract control?
autonomic functions
71
What does the tectospinal tract control?
neck muscles
72
What does the vestibulospinal tract control?
balance
73
What does it mean when it says that extrapyramidal tract is inhibitory?
It stops unwanted, extra movements, stops extra reflexes, stops contractions
74
Damage to the indirect pathway can lead to:
Increased muscle tone, spasticity, and hyperactive gag reflex
75
What is the etiology of spastic dysarthria?
bilateral damage to direct and indirect pathway
76
Motor neurons that do not leave the CNS are called...
Upper motor neurons
77
Motor neurons that leave the CNS are called...
Lower motor neurons
78
What does the facial nerve innervate?
Upper and lower face
79
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Tongue
80
What does the vagus nerve innervate
Velum and larynx
81
What does the trigeminal nerve innervate?
jaw
82
Describe how information gets to the cranial nerves from the brain
1. Corticobulbar tracts travel down and cross at the medulla
2. In midbrain, corticobulbar fibers separate from corticospinal nerves
3. Corticobulbar tracts synapse w/ cranial nerve nuclei on either side of the brainstem (left or right)
83
What is the purpose of LMN?
LMNs exit the brainstem and travel into the periphery to innervate the muscles
84
When do muscles atrophy?
LMN damage
85
Which cranial nerves receive unilateral innervation?
VII and XII (Facial and hypoglossal)
86
What motor functions does the trigeminal nerve (V) control?
mastication, jaw closing and lateralization
87
If there is unilateral LMN damage to the trigeminal nerve, what will be the result?
Weakness or paralysis of the jaw on the same side- the jaw may deviate toward affected side when opened
88
Bilateral damage to the trigeminal nerve would lead to...?
Difficulty raising/clossing the jaw resulting in significant problems with speech
89
What are the 2 branches of the facial nerve?
Upper face and lower face
90
The upper face recieves...
Bilateral UMN innervations
91
The lower face recieves...
Unilateral (contralateral) UMN innervations
92
What motor functions does the facial nerve control?
Lips (smiling, frowning), cheeks for plosives, closing eyes, forehead wrinkling, middle ear muscles
93
The glossopharyngeal CN 9 travels closely to which CN?
CN 10- Facial
94
What are the 3 branches of the vagus nerve X?
1. Pharyngeal branch
2. Superior laryngeal branch
3. recurrent nerve branch
95
What does the pharyngeal branch innvervate?
Pharynx and velum
96
What does the superior laryngeal branch innervate?
Cricothyroid muscle of the larynx
97
What function of the larynx does the superior laryngeal branch serve?
Stretching the VF- pitch
98
The recurrent laryngeal nerve branch assists with what function of the larynx?
adduction and abduction
99
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates what?
The tongue muscles
100
The hypoglossal CN XII receives ____________ innervation.
unilateral
101
Damage to the cerebellum will result in what?
Poor coordination
102
Damage to the basal ganglia will result in what?
too much movement, too little movement
103
What are 4 characteristics of upper motor neuron damage?
1. spastic
2. no atrophy
3. increased reflexes
4. no fasciculations
104
What are 4 characteristics of lower motor neuron damage?
1. flaccid
2. muscle atrophy
3. absent reflexes
4. fasciculations often present
105
3 types of nervous system disease
1. focal
2. multifocal
3. diffuse
106
What is a focal nervous system disease?
Involves a single circumscribed area or a contiguous group of structures (e.g., left frontal lobe)
107
What is a multifocal nervous system disease?
involves more than one area or more than one group of structures
108
What is a diffuse nervous system disease?
involves roughly symmetric portions of the nervous system bilaterally (e.g., dementia)
109
Acute is...
Within minutes
110
Subacute...
within days (e.g., infections)
111
Chronic is...
within months (e.g., tumor)
112
Transient symptoms are...
When symptoms resolve completely
113
Improving symptoms are...
when severity is reduced but symptoms are not resolved
114
Progressive symptoms...
symptoms progress over time or new symptoms develop
115
Exacerbating-remitting symptoms...
symptoms develop, then resolve or improve, then recur
116
Stationary symptoms...
remain unchanged for an extended period of time
117
What are neoplastic diseases?
usually tumors
