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Motor Speech Disorders > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is apraxia of speech?

A

neurologic disorder that reflects an impaired ability to plan or program movements for speech

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2
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

The collective name for a group of neurologic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of speech movements

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3
Q

How are developmental motor speech disorders characterized?

A

Onset of the disorder is prior to language (before age 2)

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4
Q

What is an example of a developmental motor speech disorder?

A

CP- often caused by a stroke in utero or anoxia/hypoxia during birth

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5
Q

An acquired motor speech disorder is _______

A

after the onset of language

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6
Q

The central nervous system is comprised of the __________ and the ______________.

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

The peripheral nervous system is composed of…?

A

cranial, spinal, and the peripheral autonomic nerves

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8
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the PNS?

A

12

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9
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the PNS?

A

31

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10
Q

What is the purpose of peripheral autonomic nerves?

A

Carry sensory information from the peripheral organs to the brain

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11
Q

What is the purpose of cranial nerves?

A

The cranial nerves project from parts of the CNS within the skull and innervate many organs and muscles of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen

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12
Q

What is the purpose of spinal nerves

A

Spinal nerves branch from the spinal chord and innervate most of the other muscles of the body: chest, arms, and legs

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13
Q

What protects the brain, brainstem, and cerebellum?

A

Skull

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14
Q

What supports and protects the spinal cord?

A

The vertebrae

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15
Q

How many total vertebrae are there?

A

33

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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17
Q

What are the 3 spaces between the meninges?

A

Epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

Between the skull and the dura

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19
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

Below the dura mater

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20
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

beneath the the arachnoid

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21
Q

Which space is filled with cerebral spinal fluid?

A

The subarachnoid space

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22
Q

Diseases capable of producing MSDs that involve the meninges and spaces stem from…?

A

infection, venous vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, or trauma w/ hemorrhage and edema

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron (nerve cell)?

A

cell body, dendrites, and axon

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24
Q

Which part of the neuron is covered with myelin?

A

Axon

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25
Q

What are tracts?

A

Tracts are bundles of axons following similar path in the CNS

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26
Q

Grey matter consists of…?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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27
Q

What matter is composed of…?

A

myelinated axons

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28
Q

What occurs between the axon and another dendrite?

A

a synapse

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29
Q

3 different etiologies of neuronal loss

A
  1. Ischemia
  2. motor neuron diseases
  3. demyelinating diseases
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30
Q

What is ischemia?

A

A deprivation of oxygen- occurs during a stroke

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31
Q

What are motor neuron diseases?

A

Involve the degeneration of motor neurons: e.g., ALS

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32
Q

What are demyelinating diseases?

A

The myelin on the axons is attacked/broken down (e.g., MS)

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33
Q

Apraxia results from damage to the _________________.

A

The frontal lobe (Broca’s area, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex)

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34
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex causes…

A

weakness or paraylsis to muscle groups on the contralateral side of the body

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35
Q

What will happen if dopamine levels are lowered?

A

muscular rigidity, tremor, gait, disturbances and difficulty initiating movement

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36
Q

What is a track?

A

A bundle of neurons that travel together for a specific function in the CNS

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37
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurons that travel together for a specific function in the PNS

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38
Q

5 steps in the basic expressive communication model

A
  1. Cognitve/conceptualization level
  2. Linguistic planning
  3. motor planning/programming
  4. speech production/performance
  5. feedback
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39
Q

What are three types of motor acts?

A
  1. Autonomic motor functions (e.g., heart beat)
  2. Reflexes, automatic responses to external stimuli (startle reflex)
  3. Voluntary motor acts
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40
Q

What type of motor speech disorder results in damage to planning/programming?

A

APRAXIA

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41
Q

Where is the SOL for acquired apraxia?

A

Broca’s area or surrounding area in the the left frontal lobe

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42
Q

Acquired apraxia often co-occurs w/ _________

A

aphasia

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43
Q

What are speech characteristics of apraxia?

A

Groping, better in short, automatic speech

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44
Q

What is childhood apraxia of speech?

A

A motor planning deficit, no lesion, often difficulty pregnancy/birth

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45
Q

What are speech characteristics of CAS?

A

groping, better short speech, early developing phonemes are in error

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46
Q

Where are Upper motor neurons?

A

STAY IN the CNS

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47
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

The neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and the neuron’s axons descend as part of the corticobulbar or corticospinal tracts to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem or to the ventral horn of the spinal cord

48
Q

What are the upper motor neurons part of?

A

Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal pathways

49
Q

Where do upper motor neurons end?

A

at the cranial nerves and control circuits

50
Q

What is the pyramidal activation pathway?

A

Long axons of either the corticospinal or corticobulbar tract with monosynaptic connections

51
Q

Where does the synapse occur in the corticospinal tract?

A

spinal nerves

52
Q

Where does the synapse occur in the corticobulbar tract?

A

cranial nerves at different levels of the brain stem

53
Q

Why is the corticospinal tract important for speech?

A

Plays a role in respiration

54
Q

Why is the corticobulbar tract important for speech production?

A

Controls all voluntary muscles for speech- controls what to move when

55
Q

Each hemisphere’s uppon motor neuron pathway innervates ___________

A

Lower motor neurons on the opposite side of the body

56
Q

Most of the upper motor neuron innervation of the cranial nerves is primarily __________.

A

BILATERAL

57
Q

Which parts are not innervated bilaterally?

A

Lower face and tongue

58
Q

What will happen if there is unilateral upper motor neuron damage?

A

Reduction of skilled movements and possible weakness on the opposite side of the body

59
Q

What results from unilateral UMN damage?

A

dysarthria

60
Q

What are control circuits?

A

A circuit that loops infomration in various structures and sends information back to the cortex

61
Q

What are 2 control circuits?

A
  1. Basal ganglia control circuit

2. cerebellar control circuit

62
Q

Lower motor neurons are also called what?

A

Cranial nerves

63
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellar control circuit?

A

Uses feedback from periphery to give information back to the cortex for smooth, coordinated movement

64
Q

What does the cerebellar control circuit coordinate?

A

fine motor movements, balance, regulates rate, range, direction, and force of movements

65
Q

Damage to the cerebellar control circuit results in what?

A

Ataxic dysarthria “drunken” movements

66
Q

Where does the indirect activation pathway originate and end?

A

originates- motor areas of the cortex

ends- cranial and spinal nerves

67
Q

Indirect pathways are __________

A

Polysynaptic

68
Q

What does the indirect activation system regulate?

A

Muscle tone, posture, suppresses unnecessary movements, supportive of voluntary movements, and reflex activities

69
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control?

A

muscle tone for posture

70
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract control?

A

autonomic functions

71
Q

What does the tectospinal tract control?

A

neck muscles

72
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

balance

73
Q

What does it mean when it says that extrapyramidal tract is inhibitory?

A

It stops unwanted, extra movements, stops extra reflexes, stops contractions

74
Q

Damage to the indirect pathway can lead to:

A

Increased muscle tone, spasticity, and hyperactive gag reflex

75
Q

What is the etiology of spastic dysarthria?

A

bilateral damage to direct and indirect pathway

76
Q

Motor neurons that do not leave the CNS are called…

A

Upper motor neurons

77
Q

Motor neurons that leave the CNS are called…

A

Lower motor neurons

78
Q

What does the facial nerve innervate?

A

Upper and lower face

79
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Tongue

80
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate

A

Velum and larynx

81
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A

jaw

82
Q

Describe how information gets to the cranial nerves from the brain

A
  1. Corticobulbar tracts travel down and cross at the medulla
  2. In midbrain, corticobulbar fibers separate from corticospinal nerves
  3. Corticobulbar tracts synapse w/ cranial nerve nuclei on either side of the brainstem (left or right)
83
Q

What is the purpose of LMN?

A

LMNs exit the brainstem and travel into the periphery to innervate the muscles

84
Q

When do muscles atrophy?

A

LMN damage

85
Q

Which cranial nerves receive unilateral innervation?

A

VII and XII (Facial and hypoglossal)

86
Q

What motor functions does the trigeminal nerve (V) control?

A

mastication, jaw closing and lateralization

87
Q

If there is unilateral LMN damage to the trigeminal nerve, what will be the result?

A

Weakness or paralysis of the jaw on the same side- the jaw may deviate toward affected side when opened

88
Q

Bilateral damage to the trigeminal nerve would lead to…?

A

Difficulty raising/clossing the jaw resulting in significant problems with speech

89
Q

What are the 2 branches of the facial nerve?

A

Upper face and lower face

90
Q

The upper face recieves…

A

Bilateral UMN innervations

91
Q

The lower face recieves…

A

Unilateral (contralateral) UMN innervations

92
Q

What motor functions does the facial nerve control?

A

Lips (smiling, frowning), cheeks for plosives, closing eyes, forehead wrinkling, middle ear muscles

93
Q

The glossopharyngeal CN 9 travels closely to which CN?

A

CN 10- Facial

94
Q

What are the 3 branches of the vagus nerve X?

A
  1. Pharyngeal branch
  2. Superior laryngeal branch
  3. recurrent nerve branch
95
Q

What does the pharyngeal branch innvervate?

A

Pharynx and velum

96
Q

What does the superior laryngeal branch innervate?

A

Cricothyroid muscle of the larynx

97
Q

What function of the larynx does the superior laryngeal branch serve?

A

Stretching the VF- pitch

98
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve branch assists with what function of the larynx?

A

adduction and abduction

99
Q

The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates what?

A

The tongue muscles

100
Q

The hypoglossal CN XII receives ____________ innervation.

A

unilateral

101
Q

Damage to the cerebellum will result in what?

A

Poor coordination

102
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia will result in what?

A

too much movement, too little movement

103
Q

What are 4 characteristics of upper motor neuron damage?

A
  1. spastic
  2. no atrophy
  3. increased reflexes
  4. no fasciculations
104
Q

What are 4 characteristics of lower motor neuron damage?

A
  1. flaccid
  2. muscle atrophy
  3. absent reflexes
  4. fasciculations often present
105
Q

3 types of nervous system disease

A
  1. focal
  2. multifocal
  3. diffuse
106
Q

What is a focal nervous system disease?

A

Involves a single circumscribed area or a contiguous group of structures (e.g., left frontal lobe)

107
Q

What is a multifocal nervous system disease?

A

involves more than one area or more than one group of structures

108
Q

What is a diffuse nervous system disease?

A

involves roughly symmetric portions of the nervous system bilaterally (e.g., dementia)

109
Q

Acute is…

A

Within minutes

110
Q

Subacute…

A

within days (e.g., infections)

111
Q

Chronic is…

A

within months (e.g., tumor)

112
Q

Transient symptoms are…

A

When symptoms resolve completely

113
Q

Improving symptoms are…

A

when severity is reduced but symptoms are not resolved

114
Q

Progressive symptoms…

A

symptoms progress over time or new symptoms develop

115
Q

Exacerbating-remitting symptoms…

A

symptoms develop, then resolve or improve, then recur

116
Q

Stationary symptoms…

A

remain unchanged for an extended period of time

117
Q

What are neoplastic diseases?

A

usually tumors

Motor Speech Disorders (1 decks)

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