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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polymer

A

a large molecule made of monomers eg.(starch)

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2
Q

Monomer

A

smallest unit of a polymer eg. (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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3
Q

Carbohydrate

A

biological macromolecule, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- starch, glycogen, cellulose

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4
Q

Carbohydrates: component of other molecules

A

-lipopolysaccharides (cell walls)
-DNA and RNA (sugar component)
glycoproteins
main use: energy and component of other molecules

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5
Q

Structural isomer

A

any of 2 or more compounds with identical formulas but different shape
eg. glucose, fructose, galactose

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6
Q

why are carbs water soluble?

A

hydroxyl group

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7
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage e.g. sucrose

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8
Q

Lipids and roles

A

hydrophobic-
monomer-glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids
polymer- triglyceride

roles:
phospholipids- lipid by layer, component of cell membrane
fats- stores energy 
steroids-cholesteral
chemical messengers
insulation, waterproofing, protection
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9
Q

starch

A

amylase-straight

amylopectin- branched ( less soluble in water)

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10
Q

types of fat: single bond

A

saturated (animal fat, butter)

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11
Q

types of fat: double bond

A

unsaturated (healthy) oils
has a kink in the chains: intermolecular forces are lower, hence low melting point
geometric differences

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12
Q

types of fat: many double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

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13
Q

phospholipids

A 
2nd important lipid
cell membrane lipid belayer
phosphate group inlace of 1 fatty acid
polar head-antipathic-hydrophylic
f.a- hydrophobic
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14
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol
hdl- high density lipoprotein - good cholesterol- slippery
ldl- low density lipoprotein- sticky- blocks blood vessels

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15
Q

proteins

A

made of amino acids, together peptide bond (carboxyl and amino)
monomer- amino acid-
polymer- polypeptide

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16
Q

protein functions

A

catalyst- speeds up reactions (enzymes)
transport- through the blood (oxygen) and in/out of cell
structural/ cytoskeleton- support, keeps cell inflated
movement- muscle fibres
defence/ immunity- antibodies, combat bacterial/ viral infections

17
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

chemical code for growth and development
monomer-nucleotide
polymer- DNA strand
DNA and RNA are ionic, not physically attached, neg charge, water soluble
DNA- double helix, wrapped aroud proteins

18
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer of DNA and RNA
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
sugar ( h in DNA(deoxyribose) and OH in RNA (ribose)

ATP is a nucleotide
energy currency of the cell

19
Q

DNA and RNA

A

DNA- anti-parallel

RNA- not anti-parallel

20
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

nuclic acid
covalent bond between nucleotides
phosphate and hydroxyl group

21
Q

peptide bond

A

Proteins

carboxyl and amino

22
Q

ester

A

lipids

carboxyl and hydroxyl

23
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

Carbs

2 hydroxyl

24
Q

Enzymes

A

derived from genes
are proteins
catalyst

25
Q

chemical reactions

A

catabolic- broken down ( consumes water)

anabolic- created (produces water)

26
Q

free energy

A

the energy from the substance comes from these
enthalpy (bonds)
entropy (disorder)

27
Q

Chemical reations

A

Catabolic- when a chemical is broken down ( consumes water)

Anabolic- when a chemical is created ( produces water)

28
Q

Free energy

A

Energy that is from the substance comes from these:

Enthalpy ( bonds)
Entropy( disorder)

29
Q

Activation energy

A

In chemical reactions the barrier from substrates

Larger energy- slower rate

30
Q

Kinases

A

Link the phosphate to the enzyme.
Enzymes can also create alternate reactions
Pathways reduce activation energy to almost 0%

31
Q

2 ways to reduce activation energy

A
  1. Using atp to add a phosphate group

2. Finding other reaction routes

Grade 12 Biology (1 decks)

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