Unit 1 Flashcards
Polymer
a large molecule made of monomers eg.(starch)
Monomer
smallest unit of a polymer eg. (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Carbohydrate
biological macromolecule, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- starch, glycogen, cellulose
Carbohydrates: component of other molecules
-lipopolysaccharides (cell walls)
-DNA and RNA (sugar component)
glycoproteins
main use: energy and component of other molecules
Structural isomer
any of 2 or more compounds with identical formulas but different shape
eg. glucose, fructose, galactose
why are carbs water soluble?
hydroxyl group
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage e.g. sucrose
Lipids and roles
hydrophobic-
monomer-glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids
polymer- triglyceride
roles: phospholipids- lipid by layer, component of cell membrane fats- stores energy steroids-cholesteral chemical messengers insulation, waterproofing, protection
starch
amylase-straight
amylopectin- branched ( less soluble in water)
types of fat: single bond
saturated (animal fat, butter)
types of fat: double bond
unsaturated (healthy) oils
has a kink in the chains: intermolecular forces are lower, hence low melting point
geometric differences
types of fat: many double bonds
polyunsaturated
phospholipids
2nd important lipid cell membrane lipid belayer phosphate group inlace of 1 fatty acid polar head-antipathic-hydrophylic f.a- hydrophobic
steroids
derived from cholesterol
hdl- high density lipoprotein - good cholesterol- slippery
ldl- low density lipoprotein- sticky- blocks blood vessels
proteins
made of amino acids, together peptide bond (carboxyl and amino)
monomer- amino acid-
polymer- polypeptide
protein functions
catalyst- speeds up reactions (enzymes)
transport- through the blood (oxygen) and in/out of cell
structural/ cytoskeleton- support, keeps cell inflated
movement- muscle fibres
defence/ immunity- antibodies, combat bacterial/ viral infections
Nucleic Acid
chemical code for growth and development
monomer-nucleotide
polymer- DNA strand
DNA and RNA are ionic, not physically attached, neg charge, water soluble
DNA- double helix, wrapped aroud proteins
Nucleotide
monomer of DNA and RNA
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
sugar ( h in DNA(deoxyribose) and OH in RNA (ribose)
ATP is a nucleotide
energy currency of the cell
DNA and RNA
DNA- anti-parallel
RNA- not anti-parallel
phosphodiester bond
nuclic acid
covalent bond between nucleotides
phosphate and hydroxyl group
peptide bond
Proteins
carboxyl and amino
ester
lipids
carboxyl and hydroxyl
glycosidic linkage
Carbs
2 hydroxyl
Enzymes
derived from genes
are proteins
catalyst
chemical reactions
catabolic- broken down ( consumes water)
anabolic- created (produces water)
free energy
the energy from the substance comes from these
enthalpy (bonds)
entropy (disorder)
Chemical reations
Catabolic- when a chemical is broken down ( consumes water)
Anabolic- when a chemical is created ( produces water)
Free energy
Energy that is from the substance comes from these:
Enthalpy ( bonds)
Entropy( disorder)
Activation energy
In chemical reactions the barrier from substrates
Larger energy- slower rate
Kinases
Link the phosphate to the enzyme.
Enzymes can also create alternate reactions
Pathways reduce activation energy to almost 0%
2 ways to reduce activation energy
- Using atp to add a phosphate group
2. Finding other reaction routes
