Unit 1-4 + 6 Flashcards
What makes a backbone?
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyx
What forms the rib cage?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae together form the rib cage.
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Offer strength, give shape, protect organs, & make movement possible.
what are bone cells that produce a substance with a lot of calcium and a little collagen.
a bone
what are cartilage cells and jelly with collagen.
cartilage
What makes bones solid and flexible?
Calcium and collagen
What are chracteristics of a long bone?
A long bone is long and thin with yellow bone marrow which has fat.
what are characteristics of flat bones?
Flat bones are flat and broad and they contain red bone marrow which forms blood cells.
Why are Babies and young children flexible?
Because they have large amounts of cartilage in their skeleton.
What is it called when cartilage changes into bone?
ossification
Why do children grow?
They grow because they have growth plates in long bones.
How does the backbone absorb impact?
with the double s shape and with the intervertebral discs
What does a vertebra consist of?
Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body with a vertebral foramen containing a spinal cord.
what happens when muscle fibres contract?
The muscle contracts (The muscle shortens and thickens).
what happens when more muscle fibres contract?
the muscle produces more strength
What do the tendons connect to?
Tendons connect the skeletal muscles to the bones.
Which muscles work together?
flexors and extensors.
what are Cooperating muscles in an opposite movement?
antagonists
what are involuntary muscles?
Involuntary muscles are muscles that cannot be controlled and never get tired. Examples are: the heart muscle, muscles in digestive organs, walls of blood vessels and hairs.
what are voluntary muscles?
Voluntary muscles are muscles that can be controlled, are strong, but get tired quickly. an example is skeletal muscles.
what do digestive organs contain?
The digestive organs contain circular and longitudinal muscles.
What is a bone fracture?
a bone is broken. A doctor will perform surgery or set the pieces of bone. New bone tissue is produced.
what is dislocation?
head of the bone twists from the socket.
what is a sprain?
joint capsule stretches or tears.
what is a torn cartilage?
cartilage in the knee joint tears.
what is a sore muscle?
waste products remain in the muscles.
what is a bruise?
muscle fibres and blood vessels in the muscle are damaged.
what is a muscle cramp?
a sudden forceful contraction of the muscle.
what is a muscular tear?
a tear in the membranes around the bundle of muscles.
what is a pulled muscle?
a sudden muscular tear.
How do you prevent injuries?
wrapping up joints
Warm-up before and cool-down after exercises
Why should we lift with a straight back?
Lifting with a straight back. Intervertebral discs will then be equally loaded.
What is a slipped disc?
a slipped disc is a dorsal nerve that is stuck by bulging intervertebral discs.
What do animals in diffrent enviornments have in common?
Animals in different environments may have a similar body structure, but in completely different shapes example are moles and bats.
What do animals in the same enviornment have in common?
Animals in the same environments may have a completely different body structure, but with similar shapes. Examples are sharks and dolphins.
what type of animals move their backbone from left to right?
Fish, amphibians, and reptiles
what type of animals move their backbone in a wave like motion?
Birds and mammals
What type of body do aquatic fish and mammals have?
a streamlined body.
what type of animals can move forward on land with legs
Adult amphibians, most reptiles, birds, and mammals
What are traits of a external skeleton
it protects against dehydration and predators.
What type of skeleton does a molluscs have?
Molluscs have a calcareous skeleton that grows with them.
What do Arthropods need to do to grow?
Arthropods need to moult in order to grow.
do worms have a skeleton
no they don’t
If worms don’t have a skeleton then how do they crawl?
They are able to crawl by means of contracting their circular and longitudinal muscles. They push themselves off the ground with bristles.
