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Psychology Unit 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wundt

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3
Q

What is Freud’s Theory of repressed unconscious?

A

Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires.

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4
Q

What is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking?

A

cognitive neuroscience

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5
Q

What is the study of one individual in great detail?

A

case study

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6
Q

What is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables?

A

correlation

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7
Q

How are two variables related to each other?

A

The value of one variable allows researchers to predict the value of the other variable

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8
Q

What is the only method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?

A

experiment

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9
Q

What is the name for the variable that is manipulated in any experiment?

A

independent variable

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10
Q

What is the process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group?

A

random assignment

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11
Q

What is the area of psychology in which the psychologists study the changes in the way people think, relate to others, and feel as they age?

A

developmental psychology

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12
Q

What word describes making reasoned judgments about claims?

A

critical thinking

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13
Q

What is the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see?

A

observer bias

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14
Q

What is a tubelike structure that carries the neutral message to the other cells?

A

axon

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15
Q

What are branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons?

A

dendrites

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16
Q

What is a neurotransmitter that has a main function of excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure?

A

dopamine

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17
Q

What is a pain-controlling chemical?

A

endorphin

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18
Q

What are fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse?

A

Myelin sheath

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19
Q

What is the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system?

A

neuron

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20
Q

What is the area of psychology in which the psychologists study the biological bases of behavior?

A

physiological psychologist

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21
Q

What is the area of psychology in which the psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological disorders that may range from mild to severe?

A

clinical psychology

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22
Q

What is the area of psychology in which the psychologists focus on how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people?

A

social psychology

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23
Q

What is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord?

A

central nervous system

24
Q

What is a thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

25
Q

What are chemicals that are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands?

A

hormone

26
Q

What is a microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell?

A

synapse

27
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A 
controls the right hand
spoken language
written language
mathematical calculations 
logical thought processes
analysis of detail
reading
28
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A 
controls the left hand
nonverbal
visual-spatial perception
music and artistic processing
emotional thought and recognition
processes the whole
pattern recognition
facial recognition
29
Q

What is the part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area?

A

thalamus

30
Q

What is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation?

A

limbic system

31
Q

What is the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neutral signals in the brain?

A

sensation

32
Q

What is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present?

A

absolute threshold

33
Q

What is the decrease in response of sensory receptor organs, as those of vision, touch, temperature, olfaction, audition, and pain, to changed, constantly applied, environmental conditions?

A

adaptation

34
Q

What is the innermost coat of the posterior part of the eyeball that receives the image produced by the lens, is continuous with the optic nerve, and consists of several layers, one of which contains the rods and cones that are sensitive to light?

A

retina

35
Q

What is a mass of nerve tissue existing outside the central nervous system?

A

ganglion cells

36
Q

What part of the eye senses color?

A

cones

37
Q

What part of the eye senses light?

A

rods

38
Q

What is the theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons (or groups of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color?

A

opponent-process theory

39
Q

What is caused by defective cones in the retina?

A

color blindness

40
Q

What is a psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches?

A

pitch

41
Q

What is the sensation of smell?

A

Olfaction

42
Q

What is the tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information?

A

habituation

43
Q

What is the decrease in response of sensory receptor organs, as those of vision, touch, temperature, olfaction, audition, and pain, to changed, constantly applied, environmental conditions?

A

adaption

44
Q

What are sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain?

A

skin senses

45
Q

What are pain asserts that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain?

A

gate control theory

46
Q

What is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions?

A

depth perception

47
Q

What of the cell body of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?

A

soma

48
Q

What is the area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal?

A

reticular formation

49
Q

What are the branches that are at the end of the axon?

A

axon terminals

50
Q

What is the part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal?

A

sympathetic division

51
Q

What is the part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands?

A

parasympathetic division

52
Q

What is the division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands?

A

autonomic nervous system

53
Q

What is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes?

A

spinal cord

54
Q

What is the part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement?

A

cerebellum

55
Q

What is a small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

A

hypothalamus

Psychology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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