Unit 1 Flashcards
Define skeletal system
The framework of bones and cartilage that protect organs and allow movement
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?
- Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Mineral Storage 5. Storage of blood cell producing cells
Describe/define the process of ossification
Ossification is the process in which cartilage is converted into bone tissue. This process as well as bone lengthening occur at the growth plate
Describe/define the process of remodelling
Remodelling is the continuous process by which bone is created and destroyed
Name and describe the 3 main bone cells
- Osteoblasts: building and creating new bone 2. Osteoclasts: absorbing degenerating bone tissue 3. Osteocytes: maintaining healthy bone tissue and structure
What are the 7 main components of a bone?
- Compact Bone 2. Cancellous (spongy) Bone 3. Medullary Cavity 4. Periosteum 5. Cartilage 6. Epiphysis 7. Diaphysis
Describe compact bone
A layer of strong, dense bone, with low porosity. It is not very flexible, rigid, and can withstand high impact and stress.
Describe cancellous bone
An interior of soft, almost spongy bone. It has high porosity, flexible, and good for shock absorption.
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
It contains vessels and red and yellow blood marrow
What is the periosteum?
It is a membrane which coats bones to protect the bone surface
What is cartilage?
It is connective tissue to protect joints
What is the epiphysis of a bone?
The head of a long bone
What is the diaphysis of a bone?
The shaft of a long bone
What are the 5 types of bone?
- Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Irregular bones 4. Flat bones 5. Sesamoid bones
Describe long bones
- greater in length than width - consist of shaft and head - slightly curved for strength Example: humerus, femur, phalanx
Describe short bones
- cube shaped - spongy except on the surface of compact bone Example: ankles, wrists
Describe flat bones
- protect organs - areas for muscle attachment Example: skull, sternum
Describe irregular bones
- complex shapes -can’t be grouped into other categories Example: facial bones, vertebrae
Describe sesamoid bones
- small bones wrapped in tendon(s) Example: patella
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: process
A finger like projection off of a bone
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: fossa
A shallow depression in a bone
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: condyle
A large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: epicondyle
The epiphyseal end of a long bone
Which is higher on a long bone, a condyle or an epicondyle?
An epicondyle
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: head
The rounded, proximal end of a bone
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: trochanter
A large bump (the only 2 are on the femur)
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: line
A less prominent ridge (often posterior)
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: tubercle
A small bump
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: tuberosity
A medium bump
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: foramen
A hole or opening in a bone (e.g. the gap on either side of the pelvic bone)
Give the definition of the following bony landmark: crest
A ridge on the bone (often anterior)
True or False: bone grows through cell division
False
What are the 2 phases of bone growth?
Phase 1: Osteoclasts remove old and degenerating bone cells using acids and enzymes Phase 2: Osteoblasts deposit new bone
What are the proportions of bone producing cells before the age of 35?
Osteoblasts > Osteoclasts (bones are still growing)
What are the proportions of bone producing cells after the age of 40?
Osteoclasts > Osteoblasts (losing 5%-10% of bone mass every decade)
What are 4 factors that influence bone health, strength, and size?
Diet, exercise, age, and lifestyle choices (i.e. drinking, smoking, etc.)
How can one obtain strong, healthy bones past the age of 40?
Fill in the “bone bank” at a young age! This means a healthy diet high in calcium and vitamin D, weight bearing and resistance exercises, and avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and smoking
What is the effect of fitness on bones?
Bones subjected to regular physical and resistance activities are stronger, denser, and more mineralized (e.g tennis players dominant arm has a stronger bone)
What is the effect of inactivity on bones?
They decrease in weight, strength, and health. This bone mass loss is often seen in the bed ridden, morbidly obese, and elderly
What are the 5 types of bone fractures?
- Simple 2. Compound 3. Stress 4. Comminuted 5. Greenstick
Describe a simple fracture
- bone is not exposed to air - a crack or break but bone is not severed
Describe a compound fracture
- exposed bone - bone breaks into several pieces
Describe a comminuted fracture
- bone is shattered into many pieces (common in car accidents, crush injuries)
Describe a stress fracture
- caused by repetitive use of a bone/joint - overuse injury common in athletes
Describe a greenstick fracture
- one side of the bone bends, and the other side splinters/breaks
Describe osteoporosis (including definition, preventative measures, and those most commonly affected)
- degenerative bone condition, leads to low bone mass - causes fractures/breaks - most common in women post-menopause - prevention includes diet, exercise, and lifestyle
Describe scoliosis
- spine curves both medially and laterally (forms S or C shape) - most common in females, especially adolescents
Describe kyphosis
- the thoracic curvature is exaggerated, and the spine is rounded too far forward (hunchback)
Describe lordosis
- the lumbar curvature is exaggerated, and is given too much of a concave curve (swayback)
Describe spina bifida
- i.e myelomeningocele - defect of the neural tube, bones of the spine don’t form correctly and the spinal cord and meninges protrude through
Describe osteogenesis imperfecta
- i.e brittle bone disease - type 1 collagen is defective, causing weak bones
Describe osteomyelitis
- bone infection - can spread from tendon, muscle, skin, blood, etc. - previous injuries can be a factor
Describe osteosarcoma
- cancerous bone tumour - common in adolescents and the elderly
Describe arthritis
- inflammation of 1 or more joints - involves the breakdown of cartilage
Define human anatomy
The study of structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate and function
What is anatomical position? What are 3 of things a subject must have to be considered in AP position?
It is used to describe the location/position of a body part or movement a) standing upright with feet flat on ground b) palms facing forward c) arms at side of body
Define the following positioning terms: a) superior b) inferior
a) above another part of the body b) below another part of the body
Define the following positioning terms: a) anterior (ventral) b) posterior (dorsal)
a) nearer to the front of the body b) nearer to the back of the body
Define the following positioning terms: a) medial b) lateral
a) closer to the midline b) farther from the midline
Define the following positioning term: a) midline
a) an imaginary line vertically dividing the body into left and right segments
Define the following positioning terms: a) proximal b) distal
a) closer to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk b) farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk
Define the following positioning terms: a) superficial b) deep
a) closer to the surface of the body b) farther from the surface of the body
Define the following positioning terms: a) prone b) supine
a) lying on stomach b) lying on back
What is a plane of motion?
It is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body, and is used to describe segmental/body movements
Name and describe the 3 planes of motion
- Sagittal Plane - runs along the midline - vertically divides the body into left and right halves 2. Frontal Plane - vertically divides the body into front and back 3. Transverse Plane - horizontally divides the body into top and bottom
What is the centre of gravity?
The point where all 3 planes of motion intersect
Fill in the blank: an axis of rotation is always ______ to its plane of motion
perpendicular
What are the 3 axes of rotation, what planes do they correspond to, and what is an example of each?
- Horizontal Axis = Sagittal Plane (bending over) 2. Antero-Posterior Axis = Frontal Plane (jumping jacks 3. Longitudinal Axis = Transverse Plane (shaking head no)
Define the following movement terms: a) flexion b) extension c) hyperextension
a) reducing the angle between 2 bones at a joint b) increasing the angle between 2 bones at a joint c) extension beyond the AP range
Define the following movement terms: a) dorsiflexion b) plantarflexion
a) bringing the toes towards the shin b) pointing the toes down, away from the shin
Define the following movement terms: a) abduction b) adduction
a) bringing a part away from the midline b) bringing a part towards the midline
Define the following movement term: a) circumduction
a) a cone of movement without rotation (e.g. swinging arm in circle at the shoulder)
Define the following movement terms: a) medial/internal rotation b) lateral/external rotation
a) rotation towards the midline b) rotation away from the midline
Define the following movement terms: a) pronation b) supination
a) palm moved to face downwards b) palm moved to face upwards
Define the following movement terms: a) inversion b) eversion
a) sole of the foot turned inwards (going over on ankle) b) sole of foot turned outwards
Define the following movement terms: a) elevation b) depression
a) raising a part to a superior position b) raising a part to an inferior position
Define the following movement terms: a) protraction b) retraction
a) sticking the jaw out/ sticking shoulder blades out b) bringing jaw back in/ squeezing shoulder blades together
Define the following movement term: a) lateral bending
a) bending side to side at the waist in the frontal plane
Define the following movement terms: a) opposition b) reposition
a) bringing the thumb towards the fingers b) bringing the thumb back to its AP position
What is a joint?
A connection between 2 bones
What hold joints together?
Ligaments, which are strands of connective tissue and ensure the stability of the joint
Name and describe the 3 different motion classifications for joints
a) Synarthroses joints - immovable, common in axial skeleton b) Amphiarthroses joints - slightly moveable, common in axial skeleton c) Diarthroses joints - allow the greatest amount of movement, common in appendicular skeleton
What are the 3 main types of joints? (structural classification)
a) Fibrous joint (no movement) b) Cartilaginous joint (small range of movement) c) Synovial joint (large range of movement)
Describe the primary features of a synovial joint
- bones are separated by a joint cavity lubricated by synovial fluid, enclosed in a fibrous joint capsule (consists of synovial membrane and fibrous capsule, which prevents leakage) - articulating cartilage protects the ends of bones - synovial membrane covers the inside of the joint cavity and allows certain nutrients to pass
Name and describe the 2 different categories of ligaments
- intrinsic ligaments - thick bands of fibrous connective tissue - thick + reinforce joint capsule 2. extrinsic ligaments - support + reinforce joint capsule by connecting articulating bones of the joint
What are the main categories of synovial joints?
- Hinge joints 2. Saddle joint 3. Ball and Socket joint 4. Gliding joint 5. Pivot joint 6. Ellipsoid joint
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) Hinge joint
- uniaxial - 1 convex articulating surface, 1 concave articulating surface Example: knee, ankle, elbow
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) Saddle joint
- biaxial (flexion-extension, adduction-abduction) - set together like a person sitting in a saddle - Example: carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) Ball and Socket joint
- multiaxial - rounded bone in cup like receptacle - Example: shoulder, hip
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) Gliding (Plane) joint
- uniaxial (permits gliding action) - Example: acromioclavicular joint (shoulder)
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) Pivot joint
- uniaxial - bone pivots within receptacle - Example: distal radioulnar joint
Describe the features of the following synovial joint: a) ellipsoid joint
- biaxial - 1 joint surface is oval concave, the other is oval convex - Example: some joints in ankle
Name and describe the purposes of the 4 ligaments in the knee
a) ACL: prevents anterior movement of the tibia with respect to the femur b) PCL: prevents posterior movement of the tibia with respect to the femur c) MCL: stabilizes knee on medial side and prevents knee from bending in d) LCL: stabilizes knee on lateral side and prevents knee from bending outwards
What are the 3 ways in which injuries occur?
- Contact with opponent 2. Self inflicted - overtraining - no warmup 3. Environmental - hitting the boards in hockey - weather conditions
Name and describe the 2 main types of sports injuries
- Acute - caused by single incident - immediate onset, fast return 2. Chronic - caused by repeated motions over time - poor technique/equipment are other possible factors - longer onset, longer duration
What are the signs/symptoms of an injury?
Swelling Heat Altered Function Redness Pain (*pop can sometimes be felt when ligament tears)
What is the recommended treatment for soft tissue injuries?
Rest (rest muscle/tendon for at least 2-3 days, no activity) Ice (decreases swelling and pain, 10-20 mins on/off) Compression (compression decreases swelling, first 24 h) Elevation (reduces swelling, should be above heart level)
What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Sprain: ligament injury Strain: tendon/muscle injury
What are the 3 degrees of strains/sprains?
1st degree: mild, usually heals on its own 2nd degree: moderate, may require physio 3rd degree: severe, requires surgery and rehab
Name and describe the 2 different types of ankle sprains
- inversion sprain (rolling ankle) - stopping too quickly, landing on someone’s foot - weakest during plantarflexion 2. eversion sprain - not common due to strength of deltoid ligament
What is Pott’s fracture?
Pott’s fracture can occur during an eversion sprain: the deltoid ligament is so strong that instead of tearing, it will break off at the medial malleolus, causing an avulsion fracture
What is Osgoode-Schlatters Syndrome?
It affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity, the growth plate gets overloaded and become inflamed. Most common in young boys.
What is Patellofemoral Syndrome?
It causes anterior pain around the patella. Common in adolescent girls, it is caused by overuse, misalignment, or injury.
What is the Q angle, and how does it affect potential injury demographics?
Q angle stands for the quadricep angle. It is measured from the centre of the patella to the ASIS and the centre of the tibial tuberosity to the centre of the patella. Women have a higher Q angle because of a wider pelvis and hips, making them more susceptible to knee injury.
What is tendonitis?
Tendonitis is the inflammation of the tendon cord or sheath. It is caused by overuse, age, or overloading, and results in pain, swelling, and limited movement.
What are some common sites for tendonitis?
a) achilles (high heels, starts and stops) b) elbow (Golfer’s elbow affects the medial epicondyle, Tennis elbow affects the lateral epicondyle) c) patella (tennis, running, jumping)
What is the treatment for tendonitis?
- stop and rest for 3 weeks+ - brace for gentle pressure - medication
Describe dislocation
- separation of 2 bones that form a joint - displaced from normal position (can damage ligaments, vessels, etc.) - usually caused by blow/fall
What is a subluxation?
It involves a partial, temporary dislocation of the shoulder joint. It moves out of place the immediately back in.
What is a separation?
A stretch/tear of one the ligaments supporting a joint
What is Medial-Tibial Stress Syndrome?
- i.e. shin splints - caused by repetitive overuse - tearing of the interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula, periosteum, and/or muscle tears of anterior tibia - pain in anterior, medial shin
What are the benefits of taping?
- supports ligaments + capsule of unstable joints by limiting movement - supports muscle/tendon injuries by applying compression and limiting motion - enhances proprioceptive (body awareness) feedback from the limb or joint - prevents re-injury
What are 4 important things to remember when taping?
- Rip tape like you’re tearing paper 2. Unwind tape before applying it 3. Close all windows 4. Check capillary refill and feeling in extremities
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial skeleton = skull and spine Appendicular skeleton = extremities
The atlas controls the _____ motion The axis controls the ______ motion
- Yes 2. No
