Unit 1 Flashcards
0
Q
Environment
A
All the living and non living things around us
1
Q
Biodiversity
A
The cumulative number and diversity of living things
2
Q
What is the environment consisted of
A
Animals, plants, forests, farms
Continents, clouds, ice caps
Structures, urban centers, living spaces
Social relationships and institutions
3
Q
What have natural systems been degraded by?
A
Pollution.
Soil erosion
Extinction
4
Q
Environmental science
A
The study of how the natural world works and how the environment defects humans and vice versa
5
Q
Natural resources
A
Substances and energy sources needed for survival
6
Q
Ecosystem services
A
Arise from the normal functioning of natural services
7
Q
Examples of ecosystem services
A
Purifying air and water
Cycles nutrients
Regulate climates
Pollinate plants
8
Q
How do humans degrade ecosystem services
A
Destroying habitat
Generating pollution
9
Q
How many humans are there on earth
A
6.9 billion
10
Q
What is the agriculture revolution
A
The mass increase of crops and livestock..created stable food supplies and increased the general pop
11
Q
What was the industrial revolution
A
Urbanized society with fossil fuels. Discovered sanitation and medicine as well as pesticides and fertilizers
12
Q
Concept of tragedy of the commons
A
Exploitation of public resources to depletion for personal gain
13
Q
Three solutions to tragedy of the commons
A
Private ownership
Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use
Gov regulation
14
Q
What increase consumption
A
Affluence
15
Q
Ecological footprint
A
The environmental impact of a person or population
16
Q
Overshoot
A
Humans have surpassed the earths capacity to support us
17
Q
How fast are we using renewable resources
A
30% faster than they are being replenished
18
Q
Examples of fallen civilizations after degrading the environment
A
Easter island
Greek and roman impires
Iraq
19
Q
What does environmental science do for the world
A
Create a better one because civilizations thrive on how well the interact with the environment
20
Q
What is environmental sciences main goal
A
To solve environmental problems
All solutions are applications of science
21
Q
Two interdisciplinary fields
A
Natural sciences
Social sciences
22
Q
Natural sciences
A
Examines the natural world
Environmental science programs
23
Q
Social science
A
Examines human values and human behavior
Environmental studies program
24
What does environmental science pursue
Knowledge of the environment and our interactions with us while trying to remain free from bias
25
Environmentalism
A social movement that tries to protect the natural world from human caused changes
26
Science
A systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it
27
Why is science so important
It is discovering a safe pathway
Develops solutions to problems we face
Sorts fact from fiction
28
Example of policy decisions and management practices
Restoration of forest ecosystems altered by humans
29
Example of scientific techno colony developments
Energy-efficient cars
30
Observational science
Infor gathered about organisms, systems, processes
31
What question does observation science pose
Why is it why it is
32
What studies use observational science
Astronomy
Paleontology
Taxonomy
Genomics
33
Hypothesis driven science
Targeted research testing a hypothesis with the scientific method
34
Quantitative date
Uses numbers
35
Qualitative data
Does not use numbers
36
Order of scientific method
```
Observation
Questions
Hypothesis
Predictions
Test
Results
```
37
Manipulative experiments
Strongest evidence
38
What do manipulative experiments reveal
Causal relationships
39
Natural tests
Real-world complexity
40
What is being applied in natural tests
Laws of nature
41
Scientific process
Guards faulty research
Peer review
Publication
Competition for funding
42
Theory
Well tested and widely accepted explanation
43
Paradigm shift
A dramatic upheaval in thought
44
Wicked problems
Complex with no simple solution
45
Sustainability
Living within planets means
46
Natural capital
Esther's total wealth of resources
47
Mehta is special about the U.S. and income
The richest 1% have 25-% of all income
48
How much of land is used for agriculture
Half
49
How much has carbon dioxide emission risen since the industrial revolution
39%
50
Millennium ecosystem assessment
Assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human wellbeing
51
What did the MEA report
Humans have altered ecosystems
These changes have contributed to human well being but at s cost
Degradation could get worse
Could be reversed
52
How much of the worlds oil supplies have we used
Half
53
Cornucopians
Human interfaith will solve any problem
54
Cassandras
Predict doom and disaster
55
Sustainable development
The use of resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources
56
What does sustainable development satisfy
Doesn't compromise future availability
Never increases in economic size
Values environmental protection
Human made capital cannot sub natural capital
57
Triple bottom line
Sustainable solutions that allow environmental protection, reach economic goals, and social equity
58
What turns water into steam
Hot rocks underground
59
The geysers
Northern Cali
| Electricity for millions
60
What replenishes depleted steam
Wastewater
61
What may cause earthquakes
Extracting steam
62
Chemistry
Studies types of matter
63
How is Chem crucial
```
How fades contribute to climate
Pollutants and acid rain
Effects of health of wild and people
Water pollution
Wastewater treatment
Atmospheric ozone depletion
Energy issues
```
64
Matter
All material in the universe that has mass and occupies space
65
Law of conservation of matter
Matter can be transformed from something into others but cannot be destroyed or created
66
Why does the law of conservation matter make sense
The amount of matter stays constant
| It is recycles in nutrient cycles and ecosystems
67
Fundamental type of matter
Element
68
Smallest components that maintain chemical properties
Atom
69
What does the nucleus contain
Protons and neutrons
70
Atomic number
Number of protons
71
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
72
Mass number
Pro plus neu
73
Ions
Atoms that gain or lose electrons
74
What happens to radioactive isotopes
Decay until they become non and stable
75
Half life
The amount of time it takes for one half of the atom to give off radiation and decay
76
WhT are ionic compounds
Salts
| Electron is transferred
77
Solutions
Mixture of substances with no chemical bonding
78
Hydrogen bond
Oxygen from one water molecule attract hydrogen atoms of another
79
What does water dissolve
Other molecules that are vital for life
80
What determines acidity
Hydrogen ions
81
Range of ph scale
0 to 14
82
Acidic solutions
<7
83
Basic solutions
>7
84
Neutral solutions
7
85
Examples of acidic
Car batter
Acid rain
Lemon juice
86
Examples of basic
Sodium hydroxide
Ammonia
Soap
87
Neutral
Seawater
Pure water
Normal rainwater
88
Organic compounds
Carbon atoms joined by bonds and may include other elements
89
Polymers
Long chains of carbon molecules
90
What are the building blocks of life
Polymers
91
Hydrocarbons
Contain only carbon and hydrogen
92
Simplest hydrocarbon
Methane
93
What substance contains hydrocarbons
Fossil fuels
94
Methane
CH4
95
Macromolecules
Large sized molecules
96
Types of polymers
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbs
97
What are lipids
Fats oils waxes
98
What are proteins
Long amino acid chains
99
What do proteins do
Produce tissue
Structure
Store energy
Transport material
100
What do animals use protein for
Generate skin
Hair
Muscles
And tendons
101
Enzymes
Molecules that promote chemical reactions
102
Nucleic acids
Long chains of nucleotides that contain sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
103
Genes
Regions of DNA that code for proteins that perform certain functions
104
Carbs
Atoms of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
105
Sugars
Simple carbs if 3-7 carbons
106
What does glucose do
Provide energy for cells
107
Complex carbs
Starch
Chitlin
Cellulose
108
Starch
Stores energy in plants
109
Chitin
Forma shells of insects
110
Cellulose
In cell walls of plants
111
Synthetic polymer
Plastic
112
Why is plastic valuable
Doesn't break down
113
Energy
Capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temp of matter
114
Potential energy
Energy of position
115
Examples of potential energy
Nuckear
| Mechanical
116
Kinetic
Energy of motion
117
Examples of kinetic
```
Thermal
Light
Sound
Electrical
Subatomic
```
118
Chemical energy
Potential energy held in the bonds between atom
119
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can change but cannot be created or destroyed
120
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy changes s more ordered to a less ordered state
121
Entropy
An increasing state of disorder
122
Energy conversion efficiency
The ratio of useful energy output to the amount of needing to be input
123
How much of energy is released to power a car
16%
124
How much energy is released to power a lightbulb
5%
125
What is geothermal energy efficiency
7-15%
126
Where does the sun release radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum
127
Photosynthesis formula
6co2+6H20+ sun -> C6H1206 (sugar) + 6O2
128
Chloroplasts
Organelles where photosynthesis occurs
129
Light observing pigment
Chlorophyll
130
Splitting water by solar energy
Light reaction
131
Calvin cycle
Links carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into glucose
132
Other sources of energy
Geothermal by radioactivity
Moons pull
Radioisotopes
Heated magma
133
What drives plate tectonics
Heated erupting magma
134
What creates geysers
Warm water
135
Hydrothermal vents
Host communities that thrive in high temperature and pressure
136
Chemosynthesis
6CO2+ 6H2O+ 3H2S -> C6H12O6 + 3G2SO4
137
Chemosynthesis uses
Energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar
138
Solid iron center
Core
139
What is inside the core
Iron
140
Less dense elastic rock
Mantle
141
Very soft or melted rock
Aesthenosphere
142
Where is the area of geothermal energy
Mantle
143
Thin brittle low density layer of rock
Crust
144
Uppermost mantle and crust
Lithosphere
145
Movement of lithospheric plates
Plate tectonics
146
What drives convection currents
Heat
147
What rises and falls during plate tectonics
Mantle
148
Divergent plate boundaries
Magma rises
Pushes plates apart
New crust
Volcanoes and hydrothermal vents
149
Transform plate boundaries
Two plates meet
| Friction creates earthquakes
150
Convergent plate boundaries
Plates collide
151
Subduction
Oceanic plate slides beneath crust
152
What happens when the oceanic plate slides under the continental
Magma erupts through surface
153
Continental collision
Two continental crusts collide
154
What two mountains were formed from continental collision
App and Himalayas
155
What does topography alter
Rain wind current heating
156
What does topography influence
Animals and plants live
157
What to tectonic plates doe
Shape geography
| Determines location of geothermal energy sources
158
Rock cycle
Hearing melting cooking breaking and reassembling of rocks and mineral
159
Rock
Any solid aggregation of mineral
160
Mineral
Any element or inorganic compound
161
What determines soul characteristics
Rocks
162
Molten liquid rock
Magma
163
Magma released from lithosphere
Lava
164
Firms when magma cools
Igneous rock
165
Magma that cools slowly below earths surface
Intrusive igneous rock
166
Magma ejected from a volcanos
Extrusive igneous rock
167
Sediments
Rock particles blown by wind or washed away by water
168
Sediments are compacted or cemented
Sedimentary rock
169
Examples of sedimentary rock
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
170
Formation of rock through compact crystallization
Lithification
171
Great hear or pressure on a rock changes its form
Metamorphic
172
What changes Chrystal's
High temp
173
Heated and pressurized limestone
Marble
174
Heated and pressurized shale
Slate
