Unit 1 Flashcards
What is the study of anatomy?
The study of structures within the body and their relation to one another.
What are the three essential concepts involved the organisation of the body?
1 the complementarity of structure
2 the hierarchy of structural organisation
3 homeostasis
What is the study of physiology?
Physiology concerns the function of the body.
What is macroscopic anatomy?
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.for example the heart, lungs, kidney.
What is another name for macroscopic anatomy?
Gross anatomy.
What is the definition Of the Greek word gross
To cut or dissect
What is regional anatomy?
All the structures muscles,bones,blood vessels/nerves.
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of anatomy by system ie cardiovascular system.
What is surface anatomy?
It is a subdivision of gross anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.for example a bodybuilder a biceps beneath the skin.
What is microscopic anatomy?
Structures too small to see with the naked eye.including the subdivisions of cytology involving the cells of the body and histology the study of tissues.
What is developmental anatomy?
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan.a further subdivision is embryology which involves the study of the embryo developmental changes that occur before birth.
What is pathological anatomy?
The study of structural changes caused by disease.
What is radio graphic anatomy?
Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures as visualised by X-ray images or specialised scanning procedures.
When does molecular biology fall under the anatomy umbrella?
When we push anatomical studies to the sub-cellular level.
What is the meaning of the prefix ana in relation to anatomical terminology?
Meaning apart,again,up.for example anaphase of mitosis when chromosomes separate.
What does palpating involve?
Feeling organs with your hands.
What does auscultation involve?
Listening to or again sounds with a stethoscope.
What does the study if physiology involve?
Focuses on the cellular or molecular level.
What is renal physiology?
A study concerned with kidney function and urine production.
What is cardiovascular physiology?
Examines the operation of the heart and vessels.
What is the principal of complementarity of structure and function?
Anatomy and physiology are codependent and inseparable as functions always reflect structure and this is the principle of complementarity.
What is the simplest level of structural organisation or hierarchy in the body?
The chemical level for example atoms, tiny building blocks of matter.
What do atoms combine with in order to become molecules?
Molecules combine with water and protein to form molecules.
What are tissues?
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
When molecules associate in a specific way what do they form?
Organelles which are basic components of the microscopic cells.
What is the order of hierarchy structure for living tissue and the body?
Atoms tiny building blocks of matter and cells the smallest unit of living things
Atoms combine with proteins and water to create molecules
Molecules in turn arrange themselves in a specific way to form and become organelles
Organelles combine in like groups and form tissue
What is epithelium?
A tissue that covers the bodies surface and lines it’s cavities.
What is the purpose if muscle?
To provide movement in some instances to generate heat
What does connective tissue do?
Connective tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
What is an organ?
An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two types of tissue however it is usually composed of all four. For example the stomach lining is epithelium that produces digestive juices the bulk of it is muscle that churns and mixes the stomach and the connective tissue reinforces the soft muscular walls and nerve fibres increase digestive activity by stimulating the muscle to contract.
What is the highest level of organisation in the body?
The organism all level is the highest level of organisation in the body and represent the total of all structural levels working together to promote life.
What is the multicellular state in relation to the body?
Is the parceling out of vital body functions to several different organ systems resulting in the interdependence of all body cells.organ systems do not work in isolation.
Why is maintaining boundaries important within the body?
It is important to maintain boundaries so that the internal environment or insides remain distinct from the external environment outside.
Explain boundaries in a single celled organism?
In single celled organisms the external boundary is a limiting membrane that encloses its contents and admits needed substances while restricting entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances
What are all cells in the body surrounded by
A permeable membrane as a whole the body is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system or skin which protects the internal organs from drying out a fatal change, bacteria and the damaging effect of heat sunlight and chemicals
What is contractility?
Contractility in relation to the muscles ability to move by shortening
What is responsiveness or irritability in relation to the body
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them or temperature changes or a drop in ixygen levels
What is digestion?
Digestion is the breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.the nutrient rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system
What is described as a one celled organism that itself is a digestion factory?
A single celled organism such as amoeba
The human body is multicellular true or false
True the multicellular human body performs the function for the entire body
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is a “state of change” a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells and includes the breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks ie catabolism
What is catabolism?
The breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks.
What is anabolism?
Anabolism is synthesising or creating more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is using nutrients and oxygen to produce via ATP the energy rich molecules thy power cellular activities.
What does the metabolism depend on?
The metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory system to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and cardiovascular system
What does the integumentary system of the body involve?
Hair, skin,nails protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesised vitamin dans is a site of cutaneous (pain, pressure vet) receptors and sweat oil glands
What is the skeletal system and it’s function?
Protects and supports body organs and provides the framework for the muscles to pull on and create movement.blood cells are formed within bones as stored minerals
What is the muscular system an it’s function?
The muscular system allows movement and manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expressions, maintaining posture and producing heat
What is the nervous system?
The nervous system is fast acting control system of the body which responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.it involves the sensory receptor in the brain the spinal cord and nerves
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth,reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
What is the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system involves blood vessels transporting blood oxygen,carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes.the heart pumps the blood
What is the lymphatic system/immunity?
The lymphatic system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream: houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
What does the lymphatic system involve?
Lymphatic vessels Thymus Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes Red bone marrow
What is involved in the respiratory system?
The respiratory system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacks of the lungs
What are key components of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus
What is involved within the digestive system?
The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.indigestible food stuff is eliminated as feces
What are key components within the digestive system?
Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectun Anus
What is the urinary system?
The urinary system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid balance of the blood.
What are key components of the urinary system.
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What is the function of the male an female reproductive system?
Overall function to produce offspring.testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones and the remaining structures serve as sites for fertilisation and development if the fetus.mammary glands produce milk
What key components are within the male reproductive system?
Prostate gland Testis Scrotum Ductus Deferens
What key components are involved within the female reproductive system?
Mammary glands Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterine tube
What is homeostasis?
A state of equilibrium or stable internal environment within the body
What is excretion?
Excretion is the process of removing (excreta) or wastes from the body with the help of several organ systems. Ie digestive system rids of indigestible food residues as feces.the urinary system disposes of nitrogen containing metabolic waste such as urea in urine.carbon dioxide is the by product if cellular respiration where it is carried by the blood to the lungs and leaves the body as exhaled air
