UNIT 1-3 Flashcards
From the greek words “Philos” meaning ___, and “Sophia” meaning ____
love; wisdom
study of the nature and acquisitions of knowledge
Philosophy
Father of western philosophy, known for his “Socratic method” and his emphasis on “Self knowledge
Socrates
Charged with corruption of minors, he was sentenced to death by drinking a cup of poison hemlock.
Socrates
He believed men’s goal in life is to acquire happiness. The key to happiness, is to take care of one’s inner being and become a virtuous man. VIRTUE IS THE SUPREME GOOD THAT WILL SECURE HAPPINESS.
Socrates
His philosophy underlies the importance of the notion “knowing oneself”
Socrates
was a student of Socrates. He wrote the Socratic Dialogue which contained Socrates’ philosophical arguments.
Plato
He is also well known for his book THEORY OF FORMS which asserted that the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world
Plato
He considers the soul has the most divine aspects of being. However rather than a spiritual being, the soul/mind is where man’s Forms (ideas) are known.
Plato
Three kinds of souls:
Appetitive soul
Rational soul
Spirited soul
The elements that you enjoy are sensual experiences. Desire and need to satisfy
Appetitive soul
The element that loves truth and reason; forbids sensual experience
Rational soul
The element that understands passion, honor and sense of victory
Spirited soul
A saint and a doctor of church. His philosophical approach to Christian thinking is the basis for learning theology. He is well known for his work, the CONFESSION, CITY OF GOD and OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.
St. Augustine
He gave a Christian perspective on Plato’s Theory of Forms which asserted that the Forms exist within God.
The SOUL is capable of knowing the Truth and scientific thinking.
St. Augustine
A French philosopher who was famous for being the advocate of Methodical Doubt - a systematic process of being skeptical of one’s belief to ascertain their truthfulness.
Rene Descartes
He is also known for the Latin statement “Cogito ergo sum” [I think therefore I am]
Rene Descartes
He asserted the “self” is:
-Constant, not prone to change
-The source of our identity
Rene Descartes
He views the “self” as including the memories a person has. it means that a person is the same person yesterday as he remembers his thoughts and experiences. In legal justice he argues as a person is the same in the past he can be accountable for behaviors provided they have a memory of it
John Locke
Father of classical liberation. He said that a person is born with no knowledge or identity but is capable of learning from experiences which would form said identity. The self as “Tabula Rasa” [blank slate]
John Locke
He is a Scottish philosopher, who advocates the idea of Empiricism - the idea that knowledge comes from sense experience, opposing Descartes’ Rationalism
David Hume
For him, the self exists because of our conscious perceptions, what we cannot sense does not exist. He divides the mind’s perceptions into two groups; Impressions and Ideas
David Hume
Source of our knowledge; where it comes from
Impression
Content of our knowledge; what it is
Ideas
A German philosopher famous in modern philosophy. He made contributions to metaphysics epistemology and ethics.
Immanuel Kant
For him, the self is not the body but is outside of it. Knowledge bridges “self” and the material world. He defined the self as an organizing principle that combines experiences.
Immanuel Kant
The mental process which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he/she already possesses.
Apperception
The self perceives the world based on two components
Experiences/ Outer self
Apparatus of the mind/ Inner self
Father of psychoanalysis - which is based on the notion that a person is driven by unseen forces and controlled by conscious and rational thought. He is also famous for his work on the role of sex and the unconscious.
Sigmund Freud
based on past experiences how a person develops a sense of self
Psychoanalysis
operates based on reality principle
Ego
operates based on pleasure principle
ID
operates based on perfection principle
Superego
He disagreed with Descartes’ view that the mental and physical are separate.
Gilbert Ryle
He continues to oppose Descartes for the notion that there is a soul inside the body. All knowledge and imagination do not reside in a metaphor space
Gilbert Ryle
The self or our sense of self is a collection of our behaviors and actions
Gilbert Ryle
A Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of the mind
Paul Churchland
His philosophy stands in the MATERIALISTIC VIEW or that only the physical world exists. He considers the idea that there is a soul or mind separate from the physical world is false calling it eliminative materialism.
Paul Chruchland
As a materialist, he asserted that our sense of self originated from the brain and its function
Paul Chruchland
A French phenomenological philosopher, famous for his works on existentialism and phenomenology. He does not believe in a dualistic view of self rather the mind and body are connected.
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau - Ponty
an entity that possesses conscious experiences like feelings, beliefs, and desires.
Embodied subjectivity
study of human social relationships and institutions.
Sociology
process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society
Socialization
extensive use of power and machinery
Industrialism
production system involving market competition and supply-demand
Capitalism
increase of reach of institutions
Institutions of Surveillance
life becomes a vigorous activity and process
Dynamism
He expressed that people create social networks by joining social groups
George Simmel
two or more people interacting with similar characteristics and sense of identity
Social group
ties/connection that link to your group
Social Network
naturally occurring in traditional societies, Organic motivation - you join because you are part of it. - Rootedness; less freedom; greater social conformity
organic group
He was a founding member of the American Sociological Association in 1905 and became its eighth president in 1918. He pioneered the sociological perspective on self development.
Charles Horton Cooley
occur in modern societies, formed out of shared self-interest - Rational motivation
Rational group
He believed that the self is not only based on some inner source of identity. He coined the process “The looking-glass self” wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
Charles Horton Cooley
Steps of looking glass self
- Imagine how you appear to the other person
- Imagine the judgement of the other person
- Feel some sense of pride, happiness guilt, of shame
The main contribution was his attempt to show how the human self arises in the process of social interaction.
George Herbert Mead
Stages of Development
Language
Play
Game
through shared understanding of symbols and gestures the individual has the capacity to express himself while comprehending what others are conveying
Language
role-play assumes the perspective of others to develop understanding about others
Play
able to take into account societal rules. one must abide to become successful
Game
Concept of Self = 2 parts
Me -part of self created through socialization; predictability and conformity come from the “me”
I - part of self that is spontaneous, unpredictable, and creative; act in extreme situations of rage to excitement
study of people’s experiences, past, and present. It is concerned with understanding how humans evolved and how they differ from one another
Anthropology
believes that no understanding of human beings is complete without the study of the full range of the human phenonemon
Anthropologist
Conceptualized the Implicit and Explicit aspects of the self framed, maintained, and affected biologically, mentally, and socially
Joseph LeDoux
the aspect that you are consciously aware of
Explicit
aspect that is not immediately available to the consciousness
Implicit
People construct a series of self representations that are based on one’s cultural concepts and personal memories
Katherine Ewing
culturally shaped concepts applied to oneself, or which represents the self
Self-Representation
a powerful agent guiding the decisions and actions of humans in the given situation. It regulates, expresses and transforms the human psyche. The basic idea is that human principle cannot be universal but varied all over the world.
Culture
characteristics of individualistic culture
Independent construct
characteristics of collectivist culture
Interdependent construct
Relationships - how you get into and keep a relationship
Personality traits - how you value traits
Achievements - how you define success
Expressing emotions - how you express yourself
Catherine Raeff
