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Gross Anatomy 2 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression ?

A

The branches of the facial nerve (VII)

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2
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the face?

A

The branches of the trigeminal nerve (V)

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3
Q

What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and mandibular nerves

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4
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate the face and the scalp primarily?

A

The ophthalmic nerve

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5
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the cheek and the lateral area of the orbit?

A

The maxillary nerve

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6
Q

what branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the chin and the temporal region?

A

The mandibular nerve

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7
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

LIESS

Lacrimal
Infratrochlear
External Nasal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
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8
Q

what are the branches of the maxillary nerve?

A

IZZ

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital

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9
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?

A

BAM

Buccal
Auriculotemporal
Mental

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10
Q

which branch of the maxillary nerve comes out of the eye to innervate the cheek?

A

Infraorbital

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11
Q

This nerve is most frequently injured by boxers due to repetitive blows to the face

A

Infraorbital

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12
Q

This branch of the mandibular nerve usually innervates the chin primarily

A

Mental

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13
Q

This condition is characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in an area of distribution of the trigeminal nerve

Often due to touch

It is idiopathic

A

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

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14
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve has the highest occurence of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Maxillary division

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15
Q

The mandibular division is the _____ most common place for trigeminal neuralgia to occur where as the _____ most common or the _____ common is the ophthalmic division

A

second; third; least

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16
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the nexk and scalp?

A

The posterior primary rami of Cervical nerves 2-4

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17
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the occipital region?

A

Greater occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C2)

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18
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the upper part of the back of the neck?

A

Third occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C3)

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19
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the lower part of the back of the neck?

A

Posterior primary ramus of C4

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20
Q

What is supplied by the anterior primary rami of cervical nerves 2- 4?

A

the sensory innervation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck

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21
Q

From what primary rami is the cervical plexus formed?

A

The anterior primary rami of c1,c2,c3 and c4

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22
Q

Which cervical nerves supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb ?

A

C5-C8

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23
Q

What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A

GA/S/LO/T

Greater Auricular (GA)
Supraclavicular  (S)
Lesser Occipital (LO)
Transverse Cervical (T)
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24
Q

What supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital nerve (C2)

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25
Q

What supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear and also accompanies the external jugular vein?

A

Greater Auricular Nerve (C2, C3)

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26
Q

What supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat) ?

A

The transverse cervical nerve

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27
Q

What supplies the lateral surface of the neck, this nerve in particular has 3 subdivisions?

A

Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)

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28
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the supraclavicular nerve?

A

Medial Supraclavicular
Intermediate Supraclavicular
Lateral Supraclavicular

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29
Q

Where do the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from?

A

The ansa cervicalis

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30
Q

What are the parts of the ansa cervicalis?

A

Superior root - From C1 or C1 and C2

Inferior root- from C2 and C3

This two roots unite to form the ansa cervicalis (C1-c3)

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31
Q

What portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve to join the inferior root?

A

The superior root of the ansa cervicalis

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32
Q

What portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the cervical nerve branches to join the superior root?

A

the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis

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33
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the ansa cervicalis?

A

the Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and the omohyoid

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34
Q

The thyrohyoid is the 4th infrahyoid muscle and it receives its innervation exclusively from _______

A

C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve

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35
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

C3-C5

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36
Q

What provides motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory innervation to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen?

A

The phrenic nerve

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37
Q

Where can the phrenic nerve be found ?

A

In the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. running vertically down the msucle and into the thorax

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38
Q

What is the origin of the platysma?

A

Superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

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39
Q

what is the insertion of the platysma?

A

lower border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth

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40
Q

What is the function of the Platysma?

A

Depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth

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41
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Sternal head from the front of the manubrium, Clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle

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42
Q

What is the insertion of the Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Lateral surface of the mastoid process, lateral half of the superior nuchal line

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43
Q

What is the innervation of the Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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44
Q

What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid?

A

it is the chief flexor of the head

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45
Q

What is another name for a pathological contraction of the Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Torticollis

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46
Q

Which type of torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor which develops at/or shortly before birth?

A

Congenital torticollis

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47
Q

Which type of torticollis develops due to birth injury?

A

Muscular torticollis

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48
Q

Which type of torticollis is due to abnormal tonicity and often responds well to chiropractic care?

A

Spasmodic torticollis

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49
Q

What is the origin of the Trapezius?

A

External occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae

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50
Q

What is the insertion of the trapezius?

A

The lateral third of the clavicle, spine of the scapula, and the acromion process

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve and C3-C4 from the cervical plexus

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52
Q

What is the function of the Trapezius?

A

the upper portion elevates, the middle portion retracts, and the lower portion depresses the scapula

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53
Q

Which vein drains the face and the scalp, it also happens to contain a large amount of cerebral blood?

A

External jugular vein

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54
Q

Where is the External jugular vein formed?

A

immediately below the parotid gland

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55
Q

What two veins join together to form the External Jugular vein?

A

The retromandibular and posterior auricular

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56
Q

How does the External jugular vein run?

A

Downward and backward along the lateral surface of the Sternocleidomastoid, and empties into the subclavian vein

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57
Q

What are the tributaries of the External jugular vein?

A

Retromandibular, Posterior Auricular, Posterior External Jugular, Anterior Jugular, Transverse Cervical, and Suprascapular

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58
Q

Typically, when venous pressure is normal the External jugular vein is ______ or nearly so topographically

A

Invisible

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59
Q

When dealing with congestive heart failure, or destruction of the superior vena cava, the External jugular vein becomes _____ throughout its length

A

Prominent

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60
Q

Why do Bagpipers and opera singers have prominent external jugular veins?

A

Due to increased intrathoracic pressure during singing or playing

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61
Q

Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes found?

A

Along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid

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62
Q

When viewed laterally, the neck is divided into ____ triangles by the Sternocleidomastoid

A

two

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63
Q

The anterior triangle lies ____ of the SCM and the posterior lies ____- the SCM

A

In front of; behind of

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64
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior boundary; The posterior border of the SCM
Posterior boundary: the anterior border of the trapezius
The inferior boundary; The superior border of the middle third of the clavicle

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65
Q

Where are the visceral structures of the neck typically found?

A

In the anterior triangle

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66
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anterior triangle?

A

Superior boundary: the inferior border of the mandible
anterior boundary: the anterior midline
posterior boundary: the anterior border of the SCM

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67
Q

Where are the APEX and the ROOF of the anterior triangle found?

A

the apex of the triangle lies inferiorly at the jugular notch

the roof of the anterior triangle is formed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia, the superficial cervical fascia and the platysma

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68
Q

What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

A

the submental triangle, the submandibular triangle, the carotid triangle, and the muscular triangle

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69
Q

Which one of the subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck is the only one which is unpaired?

A

Submental

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70
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

The left and right anterior bellies of digastric, and the body of the hyoid bone

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71
Q

What is the floor of the submental triangle?

A

the mylohyoid muscle

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72
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

Minor veins and lymph nodes

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73
Q

What are the boundaries of the Submandibular triangle?

A

The inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of the digastric, and the posterior belly of the digastric

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74
Q

What is the floor of the submandibular triangle?

A

The mylohyoid and the hyoglossus muscles

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75
Q

What are the contents of the Submandibular triangle?

A

The submandibular gland, the internal carotid artery, the facial artery, the internal jugular vein, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve

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76
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

the posterior belly of digastric, the superior belly of omohyoid, and the anterior border of SCM

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77
Q

What is the floor the carotid triangle?

A

portions of the thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior and middle constrictor muscles

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78
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Parts of the common and internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and three of its branches as well as the tributaries of the internal jugular vein.

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79
Q

What are the boundaries of the Muscular triangle?

A

The superior belly of the omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck and anterior border of the SCM

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80
Q

What is the floor of the Muscular triangle?

A

The posterior layer of the Pretracheal fascia

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81
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

Sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus

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82
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

Between the mandible and larynx

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83
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

A point of attachment for many muscles it does not articulate with any other bone

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84
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Body, greater horn and lesser horn

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85
Q

the ______ _____ are four ribbon like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone. They function primarily to move the hyoid bone and the larynx

A

Infrahyoid

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86
Q

What muscles are included in the infrahyoid muscles?

A

omohyoid. sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

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87
Q

Which of the infrahyoid muscles make up the superficial layer of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

the sterno and omohyoid

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88
Q

What is the origin of the omohyoid ?

A

The inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula. It ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the SCM. The superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon

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89
Q

What is the insertion of the omohyoid?

A

the body of the hyoid bone

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90
Q

What is the innervation of the omohyoid?

A

the ansa cervicalis C1-C3

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91
Q

What is the function of the omohyoid?

A

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx

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92
Q

What is the origin of the sternohyoid?

A

the posterior surface of the manubrium, and the medial end of the clavicle

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93
Q

What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?

A

the body of the hyoid bone

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94
Q

What is the innervation of the sternohyoid?

A

The ansa cervicalis C1-C3

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95
Q

What is the function of the sternohyoid?

A

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx

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96
Q

What is the origin of the sternothyroid?

A

the posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sternohyoid

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97
Q

What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?

A

the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

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98
Q

what is the innervation of the sternothyroid?

A

The ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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99
Q

What is the function of the sternothyroid?

A

Depresses the larynx

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100
Q

What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?

A

the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

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101
Q

What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?

A

the body of the hyoid bone

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102
Q

What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?

A

C1 through the hypoglossal nerve

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103
Q

What is the function of the thyrohyoid?

A

depresses the hyoid bone

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104
Q

Why do all these muscles depress the hyoid and larynx?

A

to enable swallowing, speech, breathing, if the hyoid is fixed, digastric would now depress the mandible

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105
Q

What is fascia?

A

a dense sheet like layer of connective tissue

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106
Q

What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?

A

cervical fascia

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107
Q

What are the two major layers of the cervical fascia?

A

The superficial and Deep cervical fascia

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108
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of deep fascia?

A

Investing layer, prethracheal, prevertebral, and the carotid sheath

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109
Q

What is the superficial cervical fascia?

A

a thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle, and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes

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110
Q

What is the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Layer lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the SCM and trapezius

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111
Q

What is the pretracheal fascia?

A

Layer that encloses the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus

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112
Q

what is the prevertebral fascia?

A

Layer that enclose the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back

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113
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

This layer is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck

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114
Q

What are the contents of the Carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid, internal carotid, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes

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115
Q

What are some of the functions of the fascial layers?

A

to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of the head and neck, and swallowing.

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116
Q

What can adhesions of the fascial layers cause?

A

Neck pain which could be treated by myofascial release

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117
Q

What are some of the clinical features of the fascial layers?

A

they may be a canal for infection

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118
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

The opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax

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119
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture:

A

First thoracic vertebra, first ribs and their cartilages, and the manubrium of the sternum

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120
Q

What shape does the superior thoracic aperture take?

A

Kidney shape

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121
Q

What are the major structures which pass through the aperture include the following:

A

Arteries, veins, nerves and viscera

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122
Q

What are the arteries that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and internal thoracic artery

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123
Q

What is the vein that passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Brachiocephalic

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124
Q

What are the nerves that go through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal , and sympathetic trunk

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125
Q

What viscera passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura, apex of lung, and thymus

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126
Q

Potential for lung collapse with neck injury might happen if a

A

broken first rib or penetrating wound on the neck were to happen

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127
Q

What gland produces T lymphocytes?

A

the thymus

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128
Q

What is the Thymus composed of and where does it usually lie?

A

it is composed of two irregular lobes and it lies primarily behind the manubrium and body of the sternum just inferior to the thyroid gland

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129
Q

What are the most common extensions of the Thymus?

A

extensions into the necck around the front and sides of the trachea

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130
Q

what muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyroid gland?

A

the sternohyoid and sternothyroid

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131
Q

What supplies blood to the thymus?

A

the internal thoracic artery

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132
Q

What is the innervation of the thymus?

A

the stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve

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133
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A shield shaped endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin.

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134
Q

Where does the thyroid gland lie?

A

at the level of cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1

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135
Q

What are the three parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and right lobe as well as the isthmus which connects both sides

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136
Q

Approximately 50% of thyroids have this lobe

A

Pyramida;l

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137
Q

What muscle is found on anatomically varied thyroids?

A

Levator glandulae thyroidae

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138
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid?

A

superior and inferior thyroid artery

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139
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery come from?

A

The external carotid

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140
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery come from?

A

the thyrocervical trunk

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141
Q

What is the name for the inconstant branch from the brachiocephalic trunk that supplies the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid Ima artery

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142
Q

What veins supply the thyroid?

A

The superior, middle , and inferior thyroid vein

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143
Q

Where do the Superior and Middle thyroid vein go to?

A

The internal jugular

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144
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid vein go to?

A

The brachiocephalic vein

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145
Q

What is the innervation of the thyroid gland?

A

The superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

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146
Q

What is goiter?

A

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces swelling in the anterior neck

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147
Q

What is endemic goiter?

A

a type of goiter that is due to dietary deficiency of Iodine

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148
Q

What is exopthalmic goiter?

A

Goiter due to autoimmune disease, where thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to work more

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149
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

endocrine glands that are in involved in calcium homeostasis and are essential to life.

They are small ovoid bodies that are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Usually there are 4 but they could be from 2-6

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150
Q

What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior and superior thyroid arteries

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151
Q

What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?

A

from inferior or middle cervical sympathethic ganglia

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152
Q

What factors contribute to difficulty of thyroid surgery?

A

The parathyroid glands, the vascularity of the thyroid and the laryngeal nerve

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153
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

at the larynx at the level of cervical vertebra 6

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154
Q

Where does the trachea split into the left and right main bronchi?

A

Thorax

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155
Q

What are the walls of the trachea supported by?

A

a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open posteriorly

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156
Q

What muscle spans the posterior gap of the trachea?

A

the trachealis muscle

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157
Q

What is the blood supply to the trachea?

A

the inferior thyroid artery

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158
Q

What is the innervation to the trachea?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

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159
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

160
Q

Where does the esophagus begin?

A

In the neck at the level of cervical vertebra 6 and lies posterior to the trachea

161
Q

What are the main arteries of the head and neck?

A

The left and right common carotid arteries

162
Q

Which of the carotid arteries has no branches in the neck and enters the skull through the carotid canal to supply blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

163
Q

Which of the carotid arteries is the main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp?

A

external carotid artery

164
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and maxillary arteries

165
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

The superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

166
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid artery. It is a baroreceptor and is innervated by the carotid sinus nerve which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

167
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

A small reddish brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

168
Q

This part of the carotid artery is a chemoreceptor that detects changes in the chemical makeup of blood within the artery and is innervated by the carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

The carotid body

169
Q

What are the two major veins of the neck?

A

the external and internal jugular veins

170
Q

What is usually the largest vein of the neck?

A

Internal jugular

171
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinus

172
Q

What is the superior jugular bulb?

A

the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen

173
Q

What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?

A

inferior petrosal sinus, pharyngeal veins, facial vein, lingual vein, superior thyroid vein, and middle thyroid vein

174
Q

What is the inferior jugular bulb?

A

the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein

175
Q

Which nerve emerges from the MO and passes through the jugular foramen?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve

176
Q

What are the brances of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Tympanic nerve, branch to the carotid sinus, pharyngeal branch, branch to the stylopharyngeseus, tonsillar branch, and lingual branch

177
Q

Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?

A

Tympanic nerve

178
Q

Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the carotid sinus and the carotid body?

A

branch to the carotid sinus

179
Q

Which branch of CN9 unites with branches from the vagus and sympathethic trunk to from the pharyngeal plexus and also provides sensory innervation to the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branch

180
Q

which branch of CN9 provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Branch to the stylopharyngeus

181
Q

Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?

A

Tonsillar branch

182
Q

Which branch of CN9 supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?

A

lingual branch

183
Q

What is the name of the longest cranial nerve which also has an extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen?

184
Q

Where does the vagus emerge and exit ?

A

Emerges from the MO and exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with Cn9 and CN11

185
Q

What are the two vagus ganglia that lie on the neck?

A

The superior ganglion which is located in the jugular foramen and the inferior ganglion

186
Q

What are the branches of the vagus in the head and neck?

A

Meningeal, Auricular, Pharyngeal, superior laryngeal branches

187
Q

Which branch of the vagus arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?

A

the meningeal branch

188
Q

Which branch of the vagus arises from the superior ganglion and provides sensory innervation to the auricle, the floor of the xternal auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane?

A

the auricular branch

189
Q

Which branch of the vagus arises from the inferior ganglion and is the chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate?

A

The pharyngeal branch

190
Q

Most of the fibers that make up this branch of the vagus originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve and then join up with the vagus

A

The pharyngeal branch

191
Q

what does the pharyngeal branch join with to form the pharyngeal plexus?

A

the glossopharyngeal and sympathetic trunk

192
Q

What structure supplies motor innervation for all muscles of the pharynx except the stylopharyngeus and to all muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

193
Q

Which branch of the vagus arises from the inferior ganglion and then divides into the internal and external laryngeal nerve?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

194
Q

Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal chords?

A

internal laryngeal nerve

195
Q

Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies motor innervation to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?

A

The external laryngeal nerve

196
Q

Which branch of the vagus arises from the portion of the vagus that lies in the thorax and ascends back into the neck? This branch ascends in the groove between the trachea and esophagus and is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

197
Q

This nerve (branch of vagus) is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds and to the trachea and has motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

198
Q

What could happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve suffers unilateral damage (damage to one side) ?

A

respiratory distress or hoarseness

199
Q

What could happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve suffers bilateral damage?

A

complete aphonia and may result in suffocation

200
Q

What could cause damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Trauma during thyroid surgery, goiter, lung tumor, and aortic aneurysms

201
Q

This nerve is formed by the union of two parts (cranial and spinal) and both of these exit through the jugular foramen

A

Accessory nerve

202
Q

what part of CN-11 originates from the MO and joins the vagus just above the inferior vagal ganglion?

A

The cranial part

203
Q

What part of the CN-11 originates from the sides of the spinal cord and ascends through the foramen magnum to join the cranial part for a short distance? This portion also supplies motor innervation to the SCM and the trapezius

A

Spinal portion

204
Q

The cranial portion of CN-11 supplies the vagus with motor fibers which travel in these two branches

A

The pharyngeal branch of vagus (muscles of pharynx and soft palate)

The recurrent laryngeal (larynx musculature)

205
Q

This nerve originates from the MO and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal, it will loop downwards and forward lying deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. It also supplies motor innervation to the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve

206
Q

What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Meningeal branches, superior root of ansa cervicalis, nerves to the thyrohyoid and genoihyoid, and the lingual branches

207
Q

These branches of the hypoglossal nerve supply the dura mater

A

Meningeal branches

208
Q

This branch of CN-11 consists mainly of C1 fibers and unites with the inferior root to form the ansa cervicalis which is motor to the infrahyoid muscles

A

the superior root of ansa cervicalis

209
Q

These branches of the hypoglossal consist mainly of C1 fibers and they are motor to the thyrohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles

A

Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

210
Q

These branches of the hypoglossal are motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Lingual branches

211
Q

Which portion of the sympathetic trunk begins at the base of the skull and is continuous with the thoracic part?

A

cervical portion

212
Q

What gland is one of the three large paired salivary glands and warps around the posterior border of the mylohoyoid?

A

Submandibular gland

213
Q

Which part of the submandibular gland lies within the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa?

A

superficial part

214
Q

Which part of the submandibular gland is small, lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle (located lateral to the frenulum of the tongue)?

A

Deep part of the submandibular gland

215
Q

What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?

A

the parasympathethic fibers from the CNVII via the submandibular ganglion

216
Q

Which is the smallest of the salivary glands?

A

The sublingual gland

217
Q

Which gland lies superior to the mylhyoid muscle, in the sublingual fossa and empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts located along the sublingual fold?

A

Sublingual gland

218
Q

What is the innervation to the sublingual gland?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the CNVII via the submandibular ganglion

219
Q

What nerves are associated with the mandible?

A

Lingual, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal

220
Q

What blood vessels are associated with the mandible ?

A

the lingual artery and vein and the facial artery and vein

221
Q

What lymph nodes are associated with the mandible?

A

the submandibular and the submental gland

222
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

To provide an airway, olfaction, warming and moistening of inspired air, and cleasing of inspired air

223
Q

What is the anatomy of the nasal cavity?

A

it extends from the nostrils anteriorly to the choanae posteriorly. It is divided into left and right chambers by the nasal septum

224
Q

What are the cervical sympatethic ganglia?

A

Superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, vertebral ganglion, and cervicothoracic ganglion

225
Q

where does the superior cervical ganglion lie?

A

At the level of cervical vertebrae 1 - 3 immediately below the base of the skull

226
Q

What are the branches from the superior cervical ganglion?

A

Internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branches to the pharyngeal plexus

227
Q

What is a relatively large nerve that accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull?

A

Internal carotid nerve

228
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

the roof, floor , medial wall (nasal septum)

229
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

The nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone

230
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

231
Q

Which two bones form the hard palate?

A

The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

232
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

the septal cartilage, perpendicular plated of the ethmoid bone ,and the vomer

233
Q

Where does the middle cervical ganglion lie?

A

at the level of cervical vertebra 6

234
Q

What is the branch of the middle cervical ganglion that goes to the cardiac plexus?

A

Middle cervical cardiac nerve

235
Q

Which ganglion is variable and often fused with either the middle or inferior cervical ganglion?

A

vertebral ganglion

236
Q

Which ganglion lies at the 7th cervical vertebral level and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery?

A

Vertebral ganglion

237
Q

Which ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion?

238
Q

which ganglion lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 through thoracic vertebra 1 and is located posterior to the vertebral artery and anterior to the transverse process of cervical vertebra 7 and the neck of the first rib?

A

Stellate ganglion

239
Q

What is the branch that the stellate ganglion gives off?

A

Inferior cervical cardiac nerve to the cardiac plexus

240
Q

What is the Ansa Subclavia?

A

a nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion

241
Q

Which is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?

242
Q

What are the parts of the mandible?

A

Body, alveolar process, ramus, angle, condylar process and coronoid process

243
Q

the name for the large horizontal part of the mandible?

244
Q

The name for the upper border of the body of the mandible which contains the tooth sockets or alveoli?

A

Alveolar process

245
Q

The name for the vertically ascending part of the mandible

246
Q

The name for the posterior terminus of the body

247
Q

The name for the part of the mandible which articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint

A

condylar process

248
Q

The name for the part of the mandible which is the area for attachment for muscles of mastication

A

Coronoid process

249
Q

What are the features of the internal lingual surface of the mandible?

A

Superior and inferior mental spine, digastric fossa, mylohyoid line, sublingual and submandibular fossa

250
Q

What is the origin of the digastric?

A

Posterior belly from the mastoid process, anterior belly from the digastric fossa

251
Q

What is the insertion of the digastric?

A

Both bellies insert into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon which connects them together. The intermediate tendon is strapped to the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop

252
Q

What is the innervation of the digastric?

A

posterior belly by the cervical branch of the facial nerve, Anterior belly by the nerve to the mylohyoid

253
Q

What is the function of the digastric?

A

Elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when the hyoid is fixed

254
Q

What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle

A

mylohyoid line

255
Q

what is the insertion of the mylohyoid?

A

the body of the hyoid bone, median raphe

256
Q

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid

A

the nerve to the mylohyoid (off of CN V)

257
Q

what is the function of the mylohyoid?

A

elevates the hyoid bone and floor of the mouth

258
Q

What is the origin of the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

inferior mental spine

259
Q

What is the insertion of the geniohyiod muscle?

A

body of hyoid bone

260
Q

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 fibers through hypoglossal

261
Q

What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

elevates hyoid bone and tongue

262
Q

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

A

superior mental spine

263
Q

What is the insertion of the genioglossus muscle?

A

tip and entire undersurface of tongue

264
Q

What is the innervation of the genioglossus muscle?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

265
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?

A

Draws the tongue forward, portrudes the tip of the tongue

266
Q

What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

body and greater horn of hyoid bone

267
Q

What is the insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

Sides of the tongue

268
Q

What is the innervation of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

hypoglossal nerve

269
Q

What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

Draws tongue downward

270
Q

What is the origin of the styloglossus muscle?

A

The styloid process

271
Q

What is the insertion of the styloglossus muscle?

A

The sides of the tongue

272
Q

What is the innervation of the styloglossus muscle?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

273
Q

What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?

A

draws tongue upward and backward

274
Q

What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

the styloid process

275
Q

What is the insertion of the stylohyoid?

A

the body of the hyoid bone

276
Q

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

The facial nerve

277
Q

What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Elevates hyoid bone and tongue

278
Q

What is a deviated septum?

A

when the nasal septum doesnt lie in the medial plane

279
Q

What could cause a deviated septum?

A

congenital malformations, birth injuries, and postnatal trauma

280
Q

What wall of the nose is formed by the nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone,ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone?

A

Lateral wall

281
Q

What are the structures within the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchas

282
Q

What are the functions of the nasal conchas?

A

Increase surface area in order to moisten and war inspired air and increases turbulence

283
Q

What is the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus

284
Q

What is the superior meatus?

A

The space below the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells

285
Q

what is the middle meatus?

A

The space below the middle nasal concha. It receives openings of the frontal sinus, the maxillary sinus, the middle ethmoidal cells and the anterior ethmoidal cells

286
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulla?

A

a rounded projectoin into the middlle meatus. the middle ethmoidal cells open onto this structure

287
Q

What is the hiatus semilunaris?

A

a curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus. The frontonasal duct anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillaryu sinus open into this slit

288
Q

what is the inferior meatus?

A

the space below the inferior nasal concha. It receives the openin of the nasolacrimal duct

289
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

It connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity

290
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

the area just inside each nostril

291
Q

What does the nasal vestibule contain?

A

Hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

292
Q

Where is the respiratory region in the nasal cavity?

A

It encompasses the lower two thirds of the nasal cavity

293
Q

Where is the olfactory region in the nasal cavity?

A

The superior nasal concha and the upper one third of the nasal septum.

294
Q

What does the olfactory region of the nasal cavity contain?

A

fibers of the olfactory nerve which pass down through the cribriform plate

295
Q

What is the innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

sensory- CNI

general sensory is from the branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve

296
Q

what provides autnomic innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

297
Q

what is the primary blood supple to the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery, and the anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery

298
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

nose bleed commonly due to rich vascularity of the nasal cavity

299
Q

What are the two forms of epistaxis?

A

mild and severe

300
Q

What is epistaxis a result of?

A

rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at one of its anastemoses

301
Q

Where do the lymph nodes from the nasal cavity drain into?

A

into the deep cervical nodes`

302
Q

What are the paranasal sinuse?

A

cavities found within the bones of the face.

303
Q

How do the paranasal sinuses develop?

A

As outgrowths of the nasal cavity and as a result all of the sinuses are open into the nasal cavity

304
Q

This sinus lies in the frontal bone and opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct

A

Frontal sinus

305
Q

This is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and lies within the maxilla on each side, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit.

A

Maxillary sinus

306
Q

This sinus opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus and it is the only paranasal sinus which may be present at birth

A

Maxillary sinus

307
Q

Which paranasal sinus lies within the sphenoid bone and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

sphenoidal sinus

308
Q

Which paranasal sinus consists of several groups of ethmoidal cells which lie within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and the nasal cavity

A

Ethmoidal sinus

309
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A

the superior meatus

310
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?

A

the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus

311
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A

the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus

312
Q

What does CSF dripping through the nose indicate?

A

damage to the cribirform plate

313
Q

what is the roof of the oral cavity?

A

the palate

314
Q

what is the floor of the oral cavity?

A

the tongue and the oral mucosa, supported by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles

315
Q

what are the anterior and lateral boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

the lips and the cheeks

316
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus, demarcated by the palatoglossal arch

317
Q

What are the two parts that the oral cavity is divided into?

A

oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

318
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

the portion of the oral cavity which lies between the lips and gums, or cheek and gums.

319
Q

What are the openings into the oral vestibules?

A

labial glands: small salivary glands and parotid duct

320
Q

Which duct opens lateral to the maxillary second molar within the vestibule?

A

parotid duct

321
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

the portion of the oral cavity which lies internal to the tooth rows

322
Q

These are two mobile musculofibrous folds which bound the opening of the mouth

323
Q

What is the philtrum?

A

The median groove seen externally which extends from the nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip

324
Q

the lips contain the ______ muscle and the ______ glands

A

orbicularis oris and labial

325
Q

the cheeks contain the _____ msucle and the _____ glands

A

Buccinator and buccal`

326
Q

What is the palate?

A

The roof of the mouth as well as the floor of the nasal cavity

327
Q

How is the palate arched?

A

both transversely and anteroposteriorly

328
Q

What are the two parts of the palate?

A

Soft and hard

329
Q

What forms the anterior two thirds of the palate?

A

The hard palate

330
Q

What forms the posterior one third of the palate?

A

Soft palate

331
Q

What palate forms a bony partition between the nasal and oral cavities?

A

the hard palate

332
Q

What does the hard palate consist of ?

A

palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

333
Q

Which foraminas are contained within the hard palate?

A

incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, and the lesser palatine foramen

334
Q

What is the hard palate covered by?

A

Muscoperiosteum

335
Q

What does the mucoperiosteum present?

A

a palatine raphe which ends anteriorly in the incisive papilla

336
Q

These folds extend laterally within the mucoperiosteum and aid in gripping food against the tongue during mastication

A

Transverse palatine folds

337
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

a mobile fibromuscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate

338
Q

when is the soft palate elevated?

A

during swallowing

339
Q

Why is the soft palated elevated?

A

To close the opening between the nasopharynx above and the oropharynx below

340
Q

What arches is the soft palate continuous with?

A

Palatoglossal archa dn the palatopharyngeal arch

341
Q

What is the uvula?

A

the median projection of the soft palate

342
Q

What is the palatoglossal arch made of?

A

palatoglossal fold and palatoglossus muscle

343
Q

What is the palatopharyngeal arch made of?

A

palatopharyngeal fold and the palatopharyngeal muscle

344
Q

Where does the tonsilar fossa lie?

A

betweeen the palatoglossa and the palatopharyngeal arches on each side and contains the palatine tonsil

345
Q

What is the origin of the musculus uvulae?

A

posterior nasal spine

346
Q

what is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?

A

mucous membrane of the uvula

347
Q

what is the innervation of the musculus uvulae?

A

the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus

348
Q

what is the function of the musculus uvulae?

A

elevate the uvula

349
Q

what is the origin of the levator veli palatini?

A

inferior surface of temporal bone

350
Q

what is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?

A

the aponeurosis of the soft palate

351
Q

what is the innervation of the levator veli palatini?

A

the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus

352
Q

what is the function of the levator veli palatini?

A

elevates the soft palate

353
Q

what is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?

A

the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, pharyngotympanic tybe

354
Q

What is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?

A

the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis of the soft palate

355
Q

what is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?

A

mandibular divisiion of trigeminal

356
Q

what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

tenses soft palate, opens pharyngotympanic tube

357
Q

What is the innervation of the hard palate?

A

the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves

358
Q

what is the innervation of the soft palate?

A

the lesser palatine nerve

359
Q

what is the blood supply of the hard palate?

A

the greater palatine artery from maxillary artery

360
Q

what is the blood supply of the soft palate?

A

lesser palatine and facial arteries

361
Q

Damage to the left vagus nerve causes the uvula to deviate to the ______ due to paralysis of the musuculus uvulae on the left side and vice versa

A

right side

362
Q

What is the tongue?

A

a muscular organ which is attached to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, palate, and pharynx by muscles

363
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Taste, mastication, swallowing, and speech

364
Q

What part of the tongue rests against the incisor teeth?

365
Q

what part of the tongue rests against the teeth and gums on each side?

366
Q

what part of the tongue is the upper surface ?

367
Q

The lower surface of the tongue is also known as the ?

A

inferior surface of the tongue

368
Q

The attached base of the tongue is also known as the

A

root of the tongue

369
Q

What part of the tongue lies party in the oral cavity and party in the oropharynx?

A

the dorsum

370
Q

What is a V shaped groove which divides the tongue into the oral and oropharyngeal parts?

A

The sulcus terminalis

371
Q

What is the name for the foramen located at the apex of the V of the sulcus terminalis and is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct?

A

the foramen cecum

372
Q

When we move to the oral part of the dorsum of thetongue what is the shallow groove visible on the surface of thetongue?

A

median groove

373
Q

What is the name for the lingual papillae that have conical projections withi sharply pointed tips?

A

filiform papillae

374
Q

what is the name for the lingual papillae which are mushroom shaped and contain taste buds?

A

fungiform papillae

375
Q

what is the name for the lingual papillae which are arranged in a v shaped row in the front of the sulcus terminale?

A

vallate papillae

376
Q

what is the name for the lingual papillae which are grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans?

A

the foliate papillae

377
Q

What is the name for the mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?

A

lingual tonsil

378
Q

what are the two folds that connect the tongue to the epiglotis?

A

the median and lateral glossoepiglotic folds

379
Q

what is the vallecula?

A

the space on either side of the medial glossoepiglotic fold

380
Q

How is the tongue connected to the floor of the mouth?

A

the frenulum

381
Q

What enters and or leaves through the root of the tongue?

A

nerves vessels and extrinsic muscles

382
Q

What is the origin of the palatoglossus?

A

the soft palate

383
Q

What is the insertion of the palatoglossus?

A

the sides of the tongue

384
Q

what is the innervation of the palatoglossus?

A

Vagus nerve CN X via the pharyngeal plexus

385
Q

what is the function of the palatoglossus?

A

elevates back of tongue

386
Q

All the extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossys are innervated by the _______

A

Hypoglossal nerve

387
Q

What is the clinical importance of the Genioglossus?

A

It pulls the tongue forward, prevents the tongue from falling backwards blocking the airway and potentially leading to suffocation

388
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue (general sensation)?

A

through the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

389
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)?

A

through the chorda tympani a branch of the facial nerve

390
Q

What innervates the posterior third of the tongue? (taste and general sensation)

A

the glossolpharyngeal nerve

391
Q

What artery provides blood to the Tongue?

A

lingual artery

392
Q

what drains blood from the tongue?

A

the lingual vein

393
Q

what lymph nodes are found in the tongue?

A

Submental, submandibularm and deep cervical nodes

394
Q

What is the function of the teeth?

A

to break down food material during mastication, in order to increase the surface area to facilitate enzymatic activity and absorption

395
Q

What is the hardest substance in the human body and covers the crown of the teeth?

396
Q

what is internal to the enamel?

Gross Anatomy 2 (1 decks)

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