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Grade 9 Science > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is interpolation?

A

estimation of a value within known values

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2
Q

What is extrapolation?

A

estimation beyond the known values

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3
Q

What is a sustainable ecosystem?

A

an ecosystem that is capable of withstanding pressure and giving support to a variety of organisms

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4
Q

What happened to Easter Island?

A

Its ecosystem became unsustainable after the trees got removed

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5
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

all the interacting parts of a biological community and its environment

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6
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

the living parts of an ecosystem

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7
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

the non-living parts of an ecosystem

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8
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

the hard part of the Earth’s surface

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9
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

the layer of gases above the Earth’s surface

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10
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

all the water found on Earth

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11
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

the regions of Earth where living organisms exist

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12
Q

What is a terrestrial ecosystem?

A

an ecosystem that is land based

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13
Q

What is a aquatic ecosystem?

A

an ecosystem that is water based

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14
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

a process in which nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems increase, leading to an increase in the populations of primary producers

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15
Q

What causes eutrophication?

A

addition of artificial or natural substances like phosphate

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16
Q

What are some effects of eutrophication?

A

overgrowth of algae, oxygen levels dropping

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17
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

a process that changes solar energy into chemical energy

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18
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

changes solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose

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19
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water ➜[light energy]➜ glucose + oxygen

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20
Q

What do carbohydrates made from?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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21
Q

What is a stomata?

A

tiny pores in plants’ leaves

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22
Q

What comes in and out of a stomata?

A

carbon dioxide goes in and water and oxygen go out

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23
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

the pigment that gives leaves their green colour

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24
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

a category of organisms that is defined by how the organisms gain their energy

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25
Q

What is the order of trophic levels?

A

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers

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26
Q

What is trophic efficiency?

A

a measure of how much of the energy in organisms at one trophic level is transferred to the next higher one

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27
Q

What percentage are most trophic efficiencies?

A

10 percent, 90 percent is lost to the environment

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28
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

a process in which materials, especially toxins, are ingested by an organism at a rate greater than they are eliminated

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29
Q

What is bioamplification/biomagnification?

A

the increase of a toxin as it moves from one trophic level to the next

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30
Q

What are the effects of DDT?

A

it was absorbed by algae in the water, microscopic animals ate the algae, small fish, ate the microscopic animal, it affected the reproduction in fish-eating birds

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31
Q

What are the effects of PCB?

A

it biomagnified and affected reproduction of peregrine falcons

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32
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates, in the presence of oxygen

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33
Q

What is the word equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose (carbs) + oxygen ➜ carbon dioxide + water + energy

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34
Q

What is fermentation?

A

a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates, in the absence of oxygen

35
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

atmospheric gases that prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere, thus increasing the temperature of the atmosphere

36
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

the warming of Earth as a result of greenhouse gases, which trap some of the energy that would otherwise leave earth

37
Q

What happens during the greenhouse effect?

A

infrared energy is trapped within the Earth’s atmosphere

38
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased

39
Q

What was the Kyoto Protocol?

A

an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

40
Q

What could countries do to meet the terms of the Kyoto Protocol?

A

reduce emissions, plant trees to remove carbon dioxide

41
Q

What can be processed in landfills?

A

methane, when bacteria break down waste using fermentation, it is the transported to a power generating plant the produce electricity

42
Q

What is acid precipitation?

A

rain, snow, or fog that is unnaturally acidic due to gases in the atmosphere that react with water to form acids

43
Q

How is pH measured?

A

below 7: acidic
7: neutral
above 7: basic

44
Q

What are some effects of acid precipitation?

A
  • kill trees by increasing the amount of aluminum in soil

- lower the pH in aquatic ecosystems, killing some organisms

45
Q

What is produced when nitrogen oxide and water are combined?

A

nitric acid

46
Q

What is produced when sulfur dioxide and water are combined?

A

sulfuric acid

47
Q

What is a population?

A

all the individuals of a species that occupy a particular geographic area at a certain time

48
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

accelerating growth that produces a J-shaped curve when the population is graphed against time

49
Q

When does exponential growth occur?

A

when a population has no limitations

50
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

a factor that limits the growth, distribution, or amount of a population in an ecosystem

51
Q

What’s a carrying capacity?

A

the size of a population that can be supported indefinitely by the available resources and services of an ecosystem

52
Q

When does a population reach its carrying capacity?

A

when births and immigration equal to deaths and emigration

53
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

the balance between opposing forces

54
Q

What is intensification?

A

a policy that requires that a large percentage of new development must occur within the boundary of the city

55
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

the way that an organism occupies a position in an ecosystem, including all the necessary biotic and abiotic factors

56
Q

What is a bog?

A

a type of wetland in which the water is acidic and low in nutrients

57
Q

What do bog plants do?

A

they are carnivorous and consume insects for nutrients

58
Q

What happens in bottom-up regulation?

A

when a population of a species declines, there will be less food for its predators, and so on, so the population declines

59
Q

What happens in top-down regulation?

A

when a population of prey increases, the population of predators will also increase, the predators will consume the prey, leading to a decrease in the prey population

60
Q

What is mutualism?

A

a symbiotic relationship between two species in which both species benefit from the relationship

61
Q

What is a parasite?

A

an organism whose niche is dependent on a close association with a larger host organism

62
Q

What do humans have that has allowed us to move out of the narrow niche of our ancestors?

A

a brain

63
Q

What has the the ecological niche of humans been brodened by?

A

the ecological niche of humans has been broadened by our intellectual abilities and the development of technology

64
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

a measure of the impact of an individual or a population on the environment in terms of energy consumption, land use, and waste production

65
Q

What is sustainability?

A

use of Earth’s resources, including land and water, at levels that can continue together

66
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

the benefits experienced by organisms, including humans, that are provided by sustainable ecosystems

67
Q

What are examples of ecosystem services?

A

provision of food and clean water
cycling of nutrients
pollination of crops and natural vegetation

68
Q

What is desertification?

A

the change of non-desert land to a desert

69
Q

What may desertification result from?

A

climate change, unsustainable farming or water use

70
Q

What is a watershed?

A

an area of land over which the run-off drains into a body of water

71
Q

What is decomposition?

A

the breakdown of organic wastes and dead organisms

72
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

the number and variety of life forms, including species, found within a specific region as well as all the number and variety of ecosystems within and beyond that region

73
Q

What is canopy fogging?

A

when insects are killed and collected in funnels to be counted

74
Q

What is transect sampling?

A

counting along a line through an area

75
Q

What is quadrant sampling?

A

gridding an area of ground to count bugs

76
Q

What is netting?

A

using a fine net to catch organisms as the travel by

77
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a species that can greatly affect population numbers and the health of an ecosystem

78
Q

What is succession?

A

the series of changes in an ecosystem that occurs over time, following a disturbance

79
Q

What is deforestation?

A

the practice of clearing forests for logging or other human uses, and never replanting them

80
Q

What is an alien species?

A

a species introduced to an ecosystem

non-native

81
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

an alien species that upsets the ecosystem

82
Q

What have zebra mussels done to the Great Lakes?

A
  • out-compete native mussels and other native organisms
  • declined the population of a small shrimp-like crustacean that share the same food
  • fish that eat this crustacean have also declined
83
Q

What is stewardship?

A

The active assumption of responsibility for the warfare of the environment

Grade 9 Science (2 decks)

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