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PSY 121 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Titchener

A

Structuralism- structure or basic elements of the mind

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1
Q

What are the goals of psychology?

A

Describing- what
Explaining- why
Predicting- when
Controlling- how

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2
Q

Freud

A

Psychoanalysis- unconscious motivators of behavior

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3
Q

Wertheimer

A

Gestalt Psychology- perceptions of patterns and whole figures

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4
Q

James

A

Functionalism- how mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

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5
Q

Wundt

A

Introspection- examining one’s own mental activities

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6
Q

Pavlov and Watson

A

Behaviorism- observable behavior

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7
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Unconscious

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8
Q

Behavioral

A

Learning

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9
Q

Humanistic

A

Free will

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10
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking, interpreting

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11
Q

Sociocultural

A

People around, ethnic

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12
Q

Biopsychological

A

Genetics, heredity

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13
Q

Evolutionary

A

Survival needs

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14
Q

T or F: Correlation is causation

A

False

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15
Q

How do you avoid a placebo effect?

A

Give a placebo to the control group

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16
Q

How do you avoid an experimenter effect?

A

Use a double blind study

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17
Q

Experimenters can justify the use of deception if

A

There is informed consent

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18
Q

Converting sensory information into a form that is stored

A

Encoding

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19
Q

Holding onto information for some period of time

A

Storage

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20
Q

Getting information into a form that can be used

A

Retrieval

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21
Q

Focuses in the way info is processed through different stages of memory

A

Information processing

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22
Q

Focuses on simultaneous processing of info across multiple neural networks

A

Parallel-distributed processing

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23
Q

Focuses on depth of processing that occurs, deeper processing is associated with longer retention

A

Levels-of-processing model

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24
Q

The point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

A

Sensory memory

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25
Q

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

A

Iconic memory

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26
Q

Brief memory of something that someone has heard

A

Echoic memory

27
Q

The number of items you can store in your STM

A

7, plus or minus 2

28
Q

Method used to trick your STM into remembering more

A

Chunking

29
Q

Involves motor skills, procedures, and habits and is part of long-term memory

A

Procedural (nondeclarative)

30
Q

General knowledge

A

Semantic memory

31
Q

Contains information and facts that is conscious and known

A

Declarative memory

32
Q

Personal information, meaningful memories

A

Episodic memory

33
Q

Repeating something over and over again

A

Maintenance rehearsal

34
Q

Making information meaningful, deeper processing than maintenance rehearsal

A

Elaborative rehearsal

35
Q

Study large chunks of memory all at once

A

Massed practice

36
Q

Spreading the study of information out over a period of time, better

A

Distributed practice

37
Q

A stimulus for remembering

A

Retrieval cues

38
Q

The tendency for memory to be improved if related information is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is retrieved

A

Encoding specificity

39
Q

The idea that memories formed during a particular state will be easier to remember while in a similar state

A

State-dependent learning

40
Q

A retrieval task that presents few or no external cues

A

Recall

41
Q

A retrieval task that involves matching incoming info with what is already in memory

A

Recognition

42
Q

Leads to vivid and detailed flashbulb memories

A

Automatic encoding

43
Q

When previously learned material interferes with the learning and retrieval of new material

A

Proactive interference

44
Q

Newly learned material interferes with the retrieval of older information

A

Retroactive interference

45
Q

Curve of forgetting

A

Newly learned information is initially forgot rapidly but then slows down as time goes down

46
Q

Storage of new long term declarative memories

A

Hippocampus

47
Q

Storage of procedural memories

A

Cerebellum

48
Q

Storage of short term memories

A

Prefrontal/temporal lobes

49
Q

Memory for fear of objects

A

Amygdala

50
Q

Loss of memory from point of injury backwards

A

Retroactive

51
Q

Loss of memories from the point of injury forward

A

Anterograde

52
Q

Asking for a small commitment and then asking for a bigger commitment

A

Foot in the door

53
Q

Asking for a large commitment and then after being refused asking for a smaller commitment

A

Door in the face

54
Q

Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

A

Low balling

55
Q

Making an offer and then adding something extra to make it look better

A

That’s not all

56
Q

Three components of attitude

A

A (affective)- how you feel about something
B (behavioral)- if you like something, you’ll do it
C (cognitive)- what you think about something

57
Q

Three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A
  1. Change behavior
  2. Change cognition
  3. Form a new cognition to justify behavior
58
Q

People attend to the content of the message and base their decision off of that

A

Central-route processing

59
Q

Cues outside of the message itself that cause people to base their decision on other factors

A

Peripheral-route processing

60
Q

In the fundamental attribution error, you’ll make a ________ attribution in making sense of others behaviors because you see the person and not their situation

A

Dispositional

61
Q

Prejudice is the _______ and discrimination is the ________

A

Attitude, behavior

62
Q

Biological causes of aggression

A

Genetic causes, tumor on Amygdala, high testosterone, low serotonin

63
Q

Behavioral causes of aggression

A

Observing aggressive behavior, being reinforced

64
Q

Steps in order for a person to help

A
  1. Noticing
  2. Define as emergency
  3. Take responsibility
  4. Plan action
  5. Take action
65
Q

People are less likely to help if others are present

A

Bystander effect

66
Q

Failing to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the same responsibility

A

Diffusion of responsibility

PSY 121 (1 decks)

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