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PSY 121 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Titchener

A

Structuralism- structure or basic elements of the mind

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1
Q

What are the goals of psychology?

A

Describing- what
Explaining- why
Predicting- when
Controlling- how

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2
Q

Freud

A

Psychoanalysis- unconscious motivators of behavior

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3
Q

Wertheimer

A

Gestalt Psychology- perceptions of patterns and whole figures

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4
Q

James

A

Functionalism- how mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

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5
Q

Wundt

A

Introspection- examining one’s own mental activities

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6
Q

Pavlov and Watson

A

Behaviorism- observable behavior

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7
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Unconscious

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8
Q

Behavioral

A

Learning

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9
Q

Humanistic

A

Free will

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10
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking, interpreting

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11
Q

Sociocultural

A

People around, ethnic

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12
Q

Biopsychological

A

Genetics, heredity

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13
Q

Evolutionary

A

Survival needs

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14
Q

T or F: Correlation is causation

A

False

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15
Q

How do you avoid a placebo effect?

A

Give a placebo to the control group

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16
Q

How do you avoid an experimenter effect?

A

Use a double blind study

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17
Q

Experimenters can justify the use of deception if

A

There is informed consent

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18
Q

Converting sensory information into a form that is stored

A

Encoding

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19
Q

Holding onto information for some period of time

A

Storage

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20
Q

Getting information into a form that can be used

A

Retrieval

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21
Q

Focuses in the way info is processed through different stages of memory

A

Information processing

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22
Q

Focuses on simultaneous processing of info across multiple neural networks

A

Parallel-distributed processing

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23
Q

Focuses on depth of processing that occurs, deeper processing is associated with longer retention

A

Levels-of-processing model

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24
The point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems
Sensory memory
25
Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
Iconic memory
26
Brief memory of something that someone has heard
Echoic memory
27
The number of items you can store in your STM
7, plus or minus 2
28
Method used to trick your STM into remembering more
Chunking
29
Involves motor skills, procedures, and habits and is part of long-term memory
Procedural (nondeclarative)
30
General knowledge
Semantic memory
31
Contains information and facts that is conscious and known
Declarative memory
32
Personal information, meaningful memories
Episodic memory
33
Repeating something over and over again
Maintenance rehearsal
34
Making information meaningful, deeper processing than maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
35
Study large chunks of memory all at once
Massed practice
36
Spreading the study of information out over a period of time, better
Distributed practice
37
A stimulus for remembering
Retrieval cues
38
The tendency for memory to be improved if related information is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is retrieved
Encoding specificity
39
The idea that memories formed during a particular state will be easier to remember while in a similar state
State-dependent learning
40
A retrieval task that presents few or no external cues
Recall
41
A retrieval task that involves matching incoming info with what is already in memory
Recognition
42
Leads to vivid and detailed flashbulb memories
Automatic encoding
43
When previously learned material interferes with the learning and retrieval of new material
Proactive interference
44
Newly learned material interferes with the retrieval of older information
Retroactive interference
45
Curve of forgetting
Newly learned information is initially forgot rapidly but then slows down as time goes down
46
Storage of new long term declarative memories
Hippocampus
47
Storage of procedural memories
Cerebellum
48
Storage of short term memories
Prefrontal/temporal lobes
49
Memory for fear of objects
Amygdala
50
Loss of memory from point of injury backwards
Retroactive
51
Loss of memories from the point of injury forward
Anterograde
52
Asking for a small commitment and then asking for a bigger commitment
Foot in the door
53
Asking for a large commitment and then after being refused asking for a smaller commitment
Door in the face
54
Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment
Low balling
55
Making an offer and then adding something extra to make it look better
That's not all
56
Three components of attitude
A (affective)- how you feel about something B (behavioral)- if you like something, you'll do it C (cognitive)- what you think about something
57
Three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
1. Change behavior 2. Change cognition 3. Form a new cognition to justify behavior
58
People attend to the content of the message and base their decision off of that
Central-route processing
59
Cues outside of the message itself that cause people to base their decision on other factors
Peripheral-route processing
60
In the fundamental attribution error, you'll make a ________ attribution in making sense of others behaviors because you see the person and not their situation
Dispositional
61
Prejudice is the _______ and discrimination is the ________
Attitude, behavior
62
Biological causes of aggression
Genetic causes, tumor on Amygdala, high testosterone, low serotonin
63
Behavioral causes of aggression
Observing aggressive behavior, being reinforced
64
Steps in order for a person to help
1. Noticing 2. Define as emergency 3. Take responsibility 4. Plan action 5. Take action
65
People are less likely to help if others are present
Bystander effect
66
Failing to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the same responsibility
Diffusion of responsibility

PSY 121 (1 decks)

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