Unit 1 Flashcards
Define Kinematics
Kinematics studies the motion of the body, without taking into account the forces that create the motion.
Define Kinesiology
How are Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Physiology combined to Kines?
Kinesiology is the study of movement of the human body.
Anatomy is the “what” (body parts involved)
Biomechanics are the “how” (physical principles involved)
Physiology is the “function” (the reason why the movement is necessary)
Compare and contrast the 2 types of kinematics motion, translation and rotation.
Both forms of motion, displacement, direction. Translation is linear, and Rotation iis angular. Body can walk in translation, and a closer look, individual joints are angular
What is the name of a pivot point for angular (rotational) motion at a joint?
Axis of Rotation
Do axes of motion always stay in a single location throughout a joint’s ROM?
No, joints have a little bit of play…accessory movements. The shapes of the surfaces do not match each other…not perfectly spherical.
Define osteokinematics.
Osteokinematics is the study of bone movement through 3 independent planes; the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes.
Describe 3 planes of motion and give examples by naming and demonstrating motions which occur in each plane.
Sagittal plane divides L to R. Flexion and extension.
Frontal plane Divides front and back. Abduction adduction. lateral flexion of spine. Ulnar deviation. Inversion and eversion.
Horizontal divides upper and lower halves. Rotation.
Motions always need to go back to anatomical position.
Illustrate the location of an axis of rotation by drawing a generic joint that has a convex surface on one side and matching concave surface on the other side.
The axis is always in the middle of the convex bone of the joint. The only exceptions are in circumstances of pathology.
Demonstrate the direction of a joint axis for each of the cardinal planes of motion. (ie. motion in the sagittal plane has an axis running in which direction?) Through which bone does the axis pass?
All sagittal plane movements have a medial-lateral joint axis.
All frontal plane movements have an anterior-posterior joint axis.
All transverse plane movements have a verticle, superior-inferior, longitudinal joint axis.
Define ‘degree of freedom’ of motion. Give examples of 1,2, & 3 degree of freedom joints in the upper extremity. How does engineering view degrees of freedom?
Degrees of Freedom–The number planes a joint can move in.
1 plane = 1 degree. etc. distal interphalangeal joint.
2 plane = 2 degree. wrist. 2 degrees required for circumduction.
3 plane= 3 degrees. gleno-humeral joint.
Engineering says there are 6 degrees of freedom
Differentiate between open and closed kinematics CHAIN motion by demonstrating each with an upper and lower extremity joint.
Open–distal end is free to move. A seated knee extension. Shoulder extension.
Closed chain–distal end is fixed. A squat. foot stays on the ground.
How to know it is closed vs open…If the motion observed forces another joint to move, it is a closed chain motion.
Define arthrokinematics and explain/define 3 arthrokinematic movements. Using your left hand in a fist and your right hand open, you can demonstrate these movements
Arthrokinematics–movement between the articular SURFACES of joints.
Roll, Slide, Spin.
What is the rule of convexity/concavity and how can it be used to predict arthrokinematics of a joint with a stationary concave surface and moving convex surface? Now do the opposity, a stationary convex joint surface and moving concave joint surface.
Glide one point comes into contact with multiple points.
Spin is one point contacts one point. (a fancy glide).
Roll multiple points contact multiple points.
Convex on concave–roll and slide in opposite directions.
Concave on convex–roll and slide in the same direction.
What is the difference between the close-packed and the open-packed (or loose-packed) position of a joint?
Close -packed; the end range of motion, the ligaments and most parts of the capsule are taut, no accessory movement, very stable. ie. extended knee for walking and standing.
Open-packed; all other positions that aren’t close-packed, ligaments and capsule have slack, increased accessory movement, joint is least congruent at mid-range.
Define Kinetics
The mechanical study of the forces causing the movement.
