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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 + 2 Vocab Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 + 2 Vocab Review Flashcards

prepare for ap exam + review quizzes

1
Q

What is a cultural landscape?

A

The built environment shaped by people’s interactions with their surroundings, reflecting their culture.

Example: The cultural landscape of the Amish in Pennsylvania differs from that of Tokyo.

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2
Q

Define arithmetic density.

A

The total number of something divided by the total area, often used to describe population density.

Measured in people per square kilometer or mile.

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3
Q

What is physiological density?

A

The number of people per unit of arable land, indicating how many people are supported by available farmland.

A high physiological density suggests food must be imported, as seen in Japan and Egypt.

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4
Q

Define agricultural density.

A

The number of farmers per unit of arable land, indicating the reliance on farming technology.

High agricultural density signifies less access to machinery (LDCs), while low density indicates advanced technology (MDCs).

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5
Q

What does GIS stand for?

A

Geographic Information System.

Software that allows viewing geographic information in layers over a map.

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6
Q

What is GPS?

A

Global Positioning System, a navigation system using satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

It triangulates the absolute location of a receiver for navigation.

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7
Q

What is a hearth in geography?

A

The place of origin of an idea, culture, or human activity.

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8
Q

Define diffusion.

A

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

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9
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

The spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Example: The spread of Spanish to Latin America.

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10
Q

What is expansion diffusion?

A

The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process, which can occur in three ways:
* Hierarchical diffusion
* Contagious diffusion
* Stimulus diffusion

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11
Q

Define hierarchical diffusion.

A

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

Examples include laws and media.

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12
Q

What is contagious diffusion?

A

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Example: Viral videos on the internet.

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13
Q

What is stimulus diffusion?

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even if a specific characteristic fails to diffuse.

Example: Elements of the iPhone incorporated into Android products.

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14
Q

What does environmental determinism argue?

A

That the physical environment largely determines human activities and societal development.

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15
Q

Define possibilism.

A

The view that while the physical environment may limit some human actions, people can adjust or alter their environment to meet their needs.

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16
Q

What is absolute location?

A

The position on Earth’s surface defined by the coordinate system of longitude and latitude.

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17
Q

What is relative location?

A

The position of a place on Earth’s surface relative to other features, also known as situation.

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18
Q

What is regionalization?

A

The tendency for regional connections to take priority over global trends.

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19
Q

Define regionalism.

A

A group’s perceived identification with a particular region.

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20
Q

What is site in geography?

A

The physical character of a place, including both physical and human characteristics.

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21
Q

What factors are important in determining site for industry?

A
  • Land (cost)
  • Labor (cost of workers)
  • Capital (availability of loans/taxes)
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22
Q

What is situation in geography?

A

The location of a place relative to other places.

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23
Q

What is space-time compression?

A

The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place due to improved communication and transportation.

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24
Q

Define friction of distance.

A

The concept that distance requires effort, money, and/or energy to overcome, affecting spatial interactions.

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25
What is geospatial data?
Information about the Earth or a part of it, such as satellite imagery or census data.
26
What is globalization?
The accelerated increase in global connections with profound political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts.
27
What is the gravity model?
A concept stating that contact diminishes with increasing distance, similar to distance decay.
28
What is distance decay?
The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
29
What defines a network in geography?
A set of interconnected nodes without a center.
30
Define connections in geography.
The relationships or points of contact among people and objects across space.
31
What does space refer to in geography?
The physical gap or interval between two objects.
32
What is scale in geography?
The size and complexity of the area being studied.
33
What is a formal region?
An area where a majority share one or more distinctive characteristics, such as language or political boundaries.
34
Define functional region.
An area organized around a node or focal point, where characteristics diminish in importance outward.
35
What is a vernacular region?
A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, often defined by informal perceptions.
36
What is a natural landscape?
The physical landscape including mountains, rivers, etc.
37
What does pattern refer to in geography?
The organized distribution of a phenomenon, as opposed to an irregular one.
38
What is the geoid?
The shape of the Earth, described as a bumpy sphere.
39
What is a projection in geography?
A depiction of Earth's surface on a two-dimensional surface, with different types creating various distortions.
40
What is a toponym?
The name given to a place on Earth.
41
What is a dot map?
A map that depicts phenomena using dots to represent quantity.
42
Define choropleth map.
A map that depicts the dominant phenomenon within each political unit.
43
What is a proportional/graduated symbol map?
A map that depicts the amount of a phenomenon using circles of varying sizes.
44
What is a cartogram?
A map that depicts the size of an area based on the amount of a phenomenon, often distorted.
45
What is a topographic map?
A map that depicts elevation using isolines.
46
What is qualitative data?
Data based on exploratory research focusing on qualities that cannot be measured. ## Footnote Examples include focus groups and individual interviews.
47
Define quantitative data.
Data collected that can be turned into statistical data, typically involving large sample sizes.
48
What is a population pyramid?
A graph showing the number of males and females in each age group within a population.
49
What are pronatalist policies?
Policies that encourage people to have children, often seen in stage 4 of demographic transition.
50
Define antinatalist policies.
Policies that discourage people from having children, often seen in stage 2 of demographic transition.
51
Who are the Baby Boomers?
People born between 1946 and 1964, currently entering retirement and impacting social security systems.
52
What is brain drain?
The large-scale emigration of talented or highly skilled people from economically depressed regions.
53
Define carrying capacity.
The maximum number of people that can be supported by the resources and arable land in a place.
54
What is a cohort in demographic studies?
An age and sex category in a population pyramid.
55
What does the demographic accounting equation calculate?
Population and population increase based on CBR, CDR, and net migration.
56
What is demographic momentum?
The tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to a young age distribution.
57
What are the general stages of the demographic transition model?
* Stage 1: High Stationary * Stage 2: Early Expanding * Stage 3: Late Expanding * Stage 4: Low Stationary
58
What is the dependency ratio?
The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to those in their productive years.
59
Define total fertility rate.
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
60
What is doubling time?
The number of years needed to double a population at a constant rate of natural increase.
61
What is ecumene?
The proportion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
62
What does the epidemiological transition model show?
The distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
63
What is doubling time?
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. ## Footnote Calculated using the Rule of 70: divide 70 by the growth rate (r)
64
Define ecumene.
The proportion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
65
How do gender roles affect fertility and population growth?
Traditional gender roles in less developed countries lead to higher birth rates, while greater equality in developed countries results in lower birth rates.
66
What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births, expressed per 1000 births.
67
Who is Thomas Malthus?
An economist who argued that the world’s rate of population increase was outpacing the increase in food supply.
68
What is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?
The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area, expressed as the number of births per 1000 people.
69
What does neo-Malthusian theory address?
It builds upon Malthus’ thoughts on overpopulation and considers the outstripping of resources beyond food.
70
Define overpopulation.
Occurs when the population of a place exceeds the availability of food and resources.
71
What is a population pyramid?
A bar graph displaying population by age and gender, showing age distribution and sex ratio.
72
What is the rate of natural increase (NIR)?
The percentage by which a population grows in a year, calculated as (CBR - CDR) / 10.
73
What is the sex ratio?
The number of males per hundred females in the population.
74
Define standard of living.
The quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and how they are distributed within a population.
75
What is sustainability?
Providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future.
76
What is underpopulation?
Occurs when there are not enough people to support the local economic system.
77
What does zero population growth (ZPG) mean?
When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero.
78
Define chain migration.
Migration of people of one nationality to a specific place to be close to others of their same nationality.
79
What is a diaspora?
Members of an ethnic group found outside of their cultural homeland.
80
What is forced migration?
People forced to move due to war, natural disaster, or political instability.
81
Define internal migration.
Permanent movement within a particular country.
82
What is an intervening obstacle?
A factor that hinders migration, such as physical features or man-made barriers.
83
What is an intervening opportunity?
An opportunity that prevents movement farther across space.
84
What are the types of migration patterns?
* International: Permanent movement from one country to another * Interregional: Permanent movement within a country * Rural-Urban: Permanent movement from rural areas to urban areas * Suburbanization: Migration from central city to suburbs.
85
What are push-pull factors?
Factors that induce people to leave old residences and move to new locations.
86
Define refugees.
Type of forced migrants who cannot return home due to fear of persecution.
87
What is an internally displaced person?
Similar to a refugee but unable to escape the country of origin, no longer able to live at home.
88
What are remittances?
Money sent by migrants to family members still living in the source country.
89
Define transhumance.
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

AP Human Geography (1 decks)

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