Unit 1/2 Review Flashcards
The person who established America’s first psychological research laboratory and who launched America’s first psychology journal was
G. Stanely HILL
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was
FUNCTIONALISM (function of mental processes; consciousness)
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is most consistent with the views of
Sigmund FREUD
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
PERSONAL CONFLICTS EXISTING AT AN UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL
The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was
John B. WATSON
With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events?
John WATSON
A behaviorist would agree that
Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others
According to John Watson, behavior is governed by
THE ENVIRONMENT
The school of psychology that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and suggests that we have a drive for personal growth is
HUMANISM
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called
Clinical psychology
What best characterizes a psychologist’s current understanding of the relationship between heredity and environment?
MOTIVES AND EXPECTATIONS CAN COLOR OUF EXPERIENCES
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
VARIABLES
Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines
EXPERIMENTALL APPROACH
In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (cause)
If we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause-affect relationship, the ______ variable would be the cause, and the ______ variable would be the effect.
INDEPENDENT; DEPENDENT
David and Alex both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while Alex follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
By definition, an extraneous variable is
A variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable
In experiments, placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any experimental group is referred to as
RANDOM SELECTION
One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is
The fact that experiments often CANT BE DONE FOR PRACTICAL OR ETHICAL REASONS
This research method involves an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
CASE STUDY
Statistics can’t be used to
ORGANIZE OBSERVATIONS
The median is
THE SCORE THAT FALLS EXACTLY IN THE MIDDLE OF A DISTRIBUTION
Mean
ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF SCORES
Mode
MOST FREQUENT SCORE
Median
THE SCORE THAT FALLS EXACTLY IN THE CENTER OF DISTRIBUTION OF SCORES
The correlation coefficient is a measure of
The degree of relationship between two variables
The philosopher that was first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences
ARISTOTLE
He used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind
Edward TITCHENER
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
William JAMES
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on _____, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on _____.
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHT PROCESSES; CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON POTENTIAL
In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively
LIMITED
This perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states
BIOLOGICAL
A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem-solving is most characteristic of the ______ perspective
BEHAVIORAL
A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is
LIMITED IN ITS SCOPE
Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely a(n) ______ psychologist.
EDUCATIONAL
What is the advantage of researchers using an empirical approach in evaluating the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?
Under controlled conditions, researchers collect evidence that may justify a cause-effect conclusion.
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
POPULATION
Correlation research is most useful for purposes of
PREDICTION
In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of
AN EXPERIMENT
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
THE DOUBLE-BLIND PROCURE
The double-blind procedure
And experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received treatment or a placebo. (commonly used in drug evaluation studies)
In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a(n)
PLACEBO
Which measure of central tendency would be most appropriate in determining housing values in a particular community?
MEDIAN
Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?
INFORMED CONSENT, PROTECTION FROM HARM, CONFIDENTIALITY, DEBRIEFING
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
BIOLOGICAL
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS
When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing
HINDSIGHT BIAS
Hypotheses best described as
PREDICTIONS
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is
Wilhelm WUNDT
