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AP Psychology > UNIT 1 & 2 Review > Flashcards

UNIT 1 & 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

the study of behavior ( traits, thoughts, actions, etc.); performed by both animals and humans

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2
Q

Philosophical Perspective

A

pays attention to the meaning of life; soul, spirit, or mind (Socrates and Pluto)

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3
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Genetics vs. Our Environment

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4
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

First advocate for the mentally ill; changed the way mentally ill were treated; established first hospitals in the USA and Europe

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

conscious experiences could be broken down into parts or structures within the mind

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6
Q

Analytic Introspection

A

looking inward to observe and measure conscious experiences; downside is it requires people to explain there experiences in detail

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7
Q

Functionalism

A

How the conscious mind helps a person function or adapt to the environment

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8
Q

Stream of Consciousness

A

the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

A

importance of unconscious causes of behaviour sometimes caused by repressing issues

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10
Q

Freudian slip

A

meant to do one thing but the unconscious has us do something else

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that psychology should only study observable behavior

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12
Q

Humanistic

A

free will, people are inherently good

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13
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

people think about and perceive wholes rather than simple combinations separate elements

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14
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession as a moving object

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15
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

explains psychological traits as the product of natural selection

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16
Q

Biological Approach

A

humans are the product of their gentics and physiology; everything psychology is first biological

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17
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

focuses on how humans think which influences how we behave

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18
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

looks at the interaction of biological , psychological, and social factors in understanding health, illness, and healthcare delivery

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19
Q

Sociocultural

A

looks at human behaviour as being affected specifically by their surroundings, social and cultural factors

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20
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

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21
Q

Experiment strength

A

Only way to show causation

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22
Q

Experiment weakness

A

Artificial environment; cannot be used to explore all research topics

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23
Q

Correlation study

A

A research method used to determine whether or not to variables are related

24
Q

Correlation study strength

A

Or you can study topics that would be tough to study in an experiment

25
Q

Correlation study weakness

A

Correlation does not imply causation; the thing most alike between the two does not mean it is the cause

26
Q

Survey

A

Researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants backgrounds, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

27
Q

Survey strength

A

Lots of info on hard to observe behavior; easy to collect data

28
Q

Survey weakness

A

People do not like them; people are not truthful; Biased questions

29
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without Intervening directly with the subjects

30
Q

Naturalistic observation strength

A

See behavior in it’s natural environment; good first study

31
Q

Naturalistic observation weakness

A

Reactivity-When is subjects behaviors altered by the presence of an observer

32
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual subject or small group; fraud used this type of study

33
Q

Case study strength

A

can study strange or rare phenomena; real life setting

34
Q

Case study weakness

A

You cannot generalize the results to others

35
Q

Longitudinal study

A

An observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time

36
Q

Longitudinal study strength

A

You can see changes over time regarding developmental or lifespan issues

37
Q

Longitudinal study weakness

A

They are very expensive; participants tend to drop out overtime

38
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A type of observational study that analyze data from a population or a representative subset at a specific point in time

39
Q

Cross-sectional study strength

A

Cheap and inexpensive; they allow for multiple variables; they helped pave the way for further studies

40
Q

Cross-sectional Study weakness

A

Correlation does not imply causation; the thing most select between the two does not mean it is the cause; in accurate reporting a data cohort differences

41
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Combining the results of individual research studies to determine statistical significance; done using many smaller studies on the same topic for which statistical significance cannot be determined

42
Q

Operational definitions

A

Describe the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable; important so that other researchers may replicate the study in order to verify the results

43
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that the researcher manipulates or changes

44
Q

Dependent variable

A

The results of the independent variable being manipulated; measured variable

45
Q

Confounding variable

A

variable that the researcher failed to control or eliminate; Damages the internal Validity of a study As can have an impact on the IV and or DV

46
Q

Control variables

A

The variable that is constant and unchanged during the experiment

47
Q

Population

A

Subjects we are willing to look at in a study and who might get selected; used in all types of studies

48
Q

Random sample

A

A subset of participants chosen randomly from the population so as to avoid bias and cofounding variables; Sample is truly random it should be representative of the population

49
Q

Sampling bias

A

samples selected in such a way that some members of the intended population have a lower sampling probability than others

50
Q

Random assignment

A

Subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in a study; required to show cause and effect and only present in an experiment

51
Q

Experimental group

A

The group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable

52
Q

Control group

A

The control group that received nothing

53
Q

Placebo

A

A pill that has no affect

54
Q

Placebo effect

A

When a patient believes they had the pill they start having the symptoms of it

55
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Preconceived notion of the outcome; leaning towards a specific side

56
Q

Single blind study

A

The researcher is the only one who knows what the actual study is; the participants have no idea; used in order to prevent bias

57
Q

Double blind study

A

Two groups of participants That don’t know the actual reason for the study

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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