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AP world history > Unit 1/2 > Flashcards

Unit 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chronology of Chinese Empires

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Shang-> Zhou -> Qin -> Han -> Sui -> Tang -> Song -> Yuan (Mongol) -> Ming -> Qing (Manchurian) -> Republic

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2
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Began to dominate China after the fall of the Shang Dynasty. (1029-258 BCE)
-claimed the Mandate of Heaven
-Took steps to further centralize Chinese government
-Standardized a spoken language

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3
Q

Yangtze River Valley

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) The area Chinese territory was expanded to by the Zhou Dynasty. This allowed China to gain a fertile rice-growing area.

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4
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source (gods).

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5
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Reunited China after the Era of the Warring States. (221-202 BCE)
-Chinese territory expanded southward to northern Vietnam
-Common written language was standardized
-Manufacture of silk cloth was encouraged

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6
Q

Han Dynasty

A

(Learning Topic 1.1)
(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty. Chinese territory expanded into Central Asia, Korea, and Indochina.
-Time of peace settled along China
-Confucian laws took shape

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7
Q

Chinese Civil Service Exam

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Began in the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) Test taken to join the government, applied Confucian values

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8
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) In power from 618-907 CE.
Dynasty often referred to as China’s Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 CE; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

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9
Q

Song Dynasty

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Ruled from 960-1279 CE. The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
-First use of Paper Money (Flying Cash)
-Song Dynasty does not extend beyond Southern China because of outside invaders, namely, the Mongols.
-Annual output of 144k tons of Iron by 1078 CE, this was double what England later produced
-Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule
-Falls when the Mongols invade, becomes Yuan Dynast

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10
Q

Footbinding

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
-Patriarchy

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11
Q

The Pendulum

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Reinstitution of Traditional Beliefs: Han, Song, Ming
Outsider Conquering: Tang, Yuan, Qing

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12
Q

Tang-Song Innovations

A

(Learning Topic 1.1)
-Moveable printing press
-Gunpowder
-Translucent porcelain
-Paper Money
-Junks (Type of Ship)

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13
Q

Junks

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

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14
Q

Champa Rice

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

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15
Q

Eunuch

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A castrated man

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16
Q

Concubine

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) 2nd wife to the Emperor, this wife can be brought up in poverty, thus this role was sought after as it lifted the family out of poverty.

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17
Q

Women in Song China

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Women were ranked lower to men, as a result of Confucian beliefs. Confucian masculine qualities included pursuit of calligraphy, scholarships, painting, and poetry, rather than Athleticism.
Positive trends in Women’s lives included expansion of property rights and education.

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18
Q

Confucianism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct and living in harmony.
Emphasis on human relations

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19
Q

5 Key Relationships in Confucianism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1)
-Ruler to subject
-Father to son
-Husband to wife
-Brother to brother
-Friend to friend

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20
Q

Filial Piety

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Respect shown by children for their parents and elders

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21
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhism’s high moral standards and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. Rejected religious aspects of both Buddhism and Daoism
-Spread to Korea and Japan

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22
Q

Sinification

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

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23
Q

Korea

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Paid tribute to Song China
Chinese styled writing emerges (Hangul Alphabet)

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24
Q

Heian Japan (794-1156 CE)

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Distanced Japan from Chinese cultural gradually towards the end of the period.
-Elaborate art and poetry told through elite women
-Political power controlled by aristocrats, the rich try to out-rich one another, distancing from one another.
-selective borrowing of Chinese culture; women experienced less patriarchal than other places in East Asia. Zen Buddhism developed in Japan as the adopted Mahayana Buddhism from China

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25
Q

Zen Buddhism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.

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26
Q

Emperor

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Figurehead

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27
Q

Shogun

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Political Leader

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28
Q

Diamyos

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Warlords

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29
Q

Samurai

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

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30
Q

Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Worked the land in return for protection from Samurai.
-Merchants at the bottom of system as a result of Confucian influence

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31
Q

Buddhism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one’s desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Began in India, but became popular elsewhere.

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32
Q

Theravada Buddhism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Atheistic in nature, portrayed Buddha as a very wise teacher, rather than a god. Required rigorous and time-consuming meditation.
-Absence of an accessible supernatural figure proved difficult for many converts, causing the religion to adapt.

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33
Q

Mahayana Buddhism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) Offered greater accessibility, a spiritual path available to many people. Enlightenment was available to all, even in a single life. Viewed Buddha as a god.

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34
Q

Pure Land Buddhism

A

(Learning Topic 1.1) A school of Buddhism that proved to be immensely popular in China; later becomes Tibetan Buddhism
Chinese version of the Indian faith

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35
Q

Rise and Fall of Islamic Empires

A

(Learning Topic 1.2) As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.

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36
Q

Bhakti Movement

A

(Learning Topic 1.3) An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.

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37
Q

Hinduism

A

(Learning Topic 1.3) A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

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38
Q

Buddhist Monasticism

A

(Learning Topic 1.3) One of the earliest surviving forms of organized monasticism and one of the fundamental institutions of Buddhism

39
Q

Silk Roads

A

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods;

40
Q

Silk Road Goods

A

silk, porcelain, gunpowder, horses, textiles

41
Q

Silk Road Religions

A

Buddhism from India to China, Neo-confucianism, and Islam

42
Q

Silk Road Technologies

A

Saddle, Square frame camel saddle, Stirrups, Caravanserai, Paper Money

43
Q

magnetic compass

A

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

44
Q

junk ship

A

A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel and participation in the tribute system

45
Q

Kashgar

A

Also known as Kashi, a central trading point at which the western and the eastern Silk Road met; It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with modern day Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.

46
Q

Samarkand

A

During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential capital city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs; a key trading city along the Silk Roads

47
Q

paper money

A

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins; facilitated trade

48
Q

Caravanserai

A

an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa; allowed caravans and their camels to rest in a protected environment, encouraging trade

49
Q

porcelain

A

a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China

50
Q

Camel Saddle

A

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.

51
Q

Chinggis Khan

A

Also known as Temujin; he united the fragmented Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

52
Q

Relay System

A

Relay System had stations with lodging, hot food and rested, well-fed horses. The rider could hand his message to the next rider, or he could grab a fresh horse, food and go.

53
Q

Khan

A

Name for a Mongol ruler

54
Q

Khanates

A

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Ghengis Khan.

55
Q

Pax Mongolica

A

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.
-Commercial routes were safe from external threats

56
Q

Golden Horde

A

Mongol khanate founded by Chinggis Khan’s. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.
-Indirect rule
-Geography not friendly to nomadic lifestyle of Mongols
-Tribute paid to Mongols

57
Q

Chagtai Khanate

A

In Central Asia, this Khanate brought forth leaders like Timur and his descendant Babur, who founded the Mughal Empire in India.
-Ruled by second son of Chinggis Khan
-The leader Timur’s descendent, Babur, founded the Mughal Empire in India

58
Q

Il-Khanate

A

Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East
-Mongols assimilated into the Persian culture and Islamic religion

59
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; Used Chinese systems of taxation and administration; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats; did not emphasize Confucianism and the civil service exams
-Kublai Khan claimed Mandate of Heaven

60
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

Also called the Black Death (1346-1352 CE); the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the population in some areas; hit Europe (peak 1347-1351) especially hard due to unsanitary living conditions and overcrowded cities; spread thanks to increased trade along the Silk Roads

61
Q

Gunpowder

A

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century; spread from East to West via trade networks like the Silk Roads and help from the Pax Mongolica

62
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

(1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

63
Q

Marco Polo

A

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

64
Q

Zheng He

A

(1371-1433?) Chinese Ming Dynasty naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death; facilitated China’s role in the tribute system in the Indian Ocean trade network

65
Q

Pastoralists

A

semi-nomadic herders of domesticated animals

66
Q

Patriarchy

A

a system of society in which men hold the power

67
Q

Social Stratifcation

A

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

68
Q

Monotheism

A

belief in one god

69
Q

Polytheism

A

belief in more than one god

70
Q

Caste System

A

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person’s occupation, but also his or her position in society

71
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.

72
Q

Eightfold Path

A

In Buddhism, the path to nirvana. Comprises eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

73
Q

Confucianism

A

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society and stresses a moral code of conduct.

74
Q

Buddhism

A

the teaching of Buddha that emphasizes that life is filled with suffering caused by desire and that suffering ceases when desire ceases. Through right conduct, wisdom and meditation one can end the cycle of rebirth and reach Enlightenment.

75
Q

Christianity

A

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

76
Q

State

A

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

77
Q

filial piety

A

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors.

78
Q

syncretic religion

A

Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both

79
Q

tribute system

A

payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission, notably used by Chinese dynasties

80
Q

Silk Roads (600-1450)

A

flourished under the unity of the Mongols, only to lose favor again when the Mongols fell.

81
Q

Black Death

A

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century in part caused by the period of unity along the Silk Road and migration of Mongols.

82
Q

Song dynasty

A

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 CE) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; paper money; gun powder; moveable type printing. Mass produced goods for trade on the Indian Ocean, experienced great urbanization, population increase, and embraced Neo-Confucianism.

83
Q

Hangzhou

A

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

84
Q

foot binding

A

Becoming prominent during the Song dynasty, practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

85
Q

tribute system

A

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people’s that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute –produce of value from their countries–to the Chinese emperor(although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable)

86
Q

Chinese influence on Japan

A

Centralized government; Confucian ideals; architecture (pagodas); Buddhism spread

87
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

88
Q

Mongols

A

13th-15th centuries; Military strength allowed for rapid conquest. Subjected huge populations in Eurasia to Mongol rule. Their conquests helped diffuse technology, culture, and disease due to the unity brought.

89
Q

Fedualism

A

System where kings give land to nobles in exchange for service (as found in Western Europe)

90
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

91
Q

Zheng He

A

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages through the Indian Ocean to acquire more tribute states

92
Q

Champa Rice

A

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. It was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (in Vietnam) as part of the tributary system.

93
Q

moveable type

A

blocks of metal or wood, each bearing a single character, that can be arranged to make up a page for printing. Improved on by the Song Dynasty (from Korea)

AP world history (1 decks)

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