Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards
Teacher of Microbiology
Krystel Grace Vergara Padilla
The Science (logos) of small (micro) life.
The study of living things so small that can not seen by naked eye
Study of microscopic organisms / living things
Microbiology ( Microbes)
Importantance of Microbiology (7)
- Medicine
- Environmental Science
- Food and Drink production
- Fundamental Research
- Agriculture
- Pharmateutical Industry
- Genetic Engineering
Swedish botanist
Established The system of scientific nomenclature in ____
Father of modern taxonomy
Approximately named ______ species of animals
and _______ plants
Carolus Linnaneus, 4400, 7700, 1739 year
comes from the Latin word germen,
meaning to sprout or germinat
Germ
to produce antibiotics, vaccines,
insulin, growth hormones, and diagnostic kits
e.g., E. coli, Polio virus.
Medicine
in nature—
microorganisms have been found to be associated
in a symbiotic relationship with diverse functions
E.g., Lichens, Mycorrhizae. Nitrogen cycle,
Carbon cycle etc.
Environmental Science
Production of
fermented food and beverages, E.g., Yeast,
Penicillium, Lactobacillus
Food and drink production
on Microbial ability to
degrade toxic materials like oil, petroleum,
plastic, E.g., Pseudomonas, Alcanivorax
Fundamental Research
Biofertilizers and biopesticides.
E.g., Rhizobium, Bacillus, Azotobacter
Agriculture
important to produce
acids, enzymes, and pigments. E.g., Aspergillus
niger, Bacillus subtilis
Pharmaceutical Industry
where evolved
microorganisms are considered as a potential
alternate source of energy to produce biofuels.
Genetic Engineering
Microbes that live stably in and on the human
body are called the
Human Microbiome/Microbiota
aid in
digestion and even synthesize some vitamins I.e.,
Vitamin B for metabolism and Vitamin K for
Blood clotting
• They also prevent growth of pathogenic (disease-
causing) species
• They also play a role in training our immune
system to know which foreign invaders to attack
and which to leave alone.
Bacteria in our intestine, including e coli
instituting a two-name method for
identifying plants and animals, called
Each organisms have two names
Binomial Nomenclature : genus, species
Describes the
clustered arrangement of the cells
, and the golden color of the
colonies.
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli: Honors the discoverer
describes the Backterium Habitat
Theodor
Escherich
The large intestines or colon
Bacterium Habitat
Fungus (-
) that uses sugar ();
Makes beer ()
Myces, saccharo, cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Appearance
of cells in chains () forms.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Strepto
Type of microorganism (8)
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Viruses
- Multicellular parasite
- Prions
Bacterium ()
• Relatively simple, single celled ()
organisms
• Cell wall made of
• May appear in one of several shapes:
(rod-like), (spherical or ovoid),
(corkscrew or curved)
• Reproduce through binary fission
Singular, unicellular, peptidoglycan
Bacteria
Bacillus, coccus, spiral
Consist of prokaryotic cells
• Lacks peptidoglycan in their cell walls
• Can often be found in extreme environments
• Can be divided int o three main grou
Archaea
methane-producing
organisms as waste product from their
respiration.
Methanogens
lives in extremely salty
environment E.g., Great Salt Lake, and
the Dead Sea.
Halophiles
lives in hot sulfurous
water E.g., Hot springs at Yellowstone
National Park
Thermophiles
Eukaryotes, cells have a distinct nucleus
containing the cell’s genetic materials surrounded
by a special envelope called the nuclear
membrane.
• Cell wall made of chitin
• Somewhat looks like plants but does not carry out
photosynthesis
• They obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions
of organic materials from their environment.
Fungi
Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes
• Moves by using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.
• Obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion
• Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
Photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of
shape
• Cell walls composed of cellulose.
• Requires sunlight and air for food production
• can produce oxygen and carbohydrates,
which can be utilized by other organisms
• Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Algae
Can only be seen with an electron microscope
• Acellular (not cellular)
• Structurally very simple
• Contains only one type of nucleic acid (either
RNA or DNA)
• particle core is surrounded by a protein
coat, sometimes encased in an additional later, a
lipid membrane called envelope
• Can reproduce only by using the cellular
machinery of other organisms
• Are only considered to be living when they
multiply within host cells they infect.
Viruses
Flatworms and roundworms, known as helminths
Multicellular parasite
Misfolded proteins which characterize several
fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and
humans.
Prions
1978 devised a system of
classification based on the cellular organization
of organisms. It groups all organisms in three
domain
Cark woese
Three domain
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (protist, fungi, plant and animals
an Englishman
o Observed a thin slice of cork using an improved
version of compound microscope
o Cell Theory (1665), stipulated that all living
things are composed of cells
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
A Dutch merchant and amateur scientist
o First person to observe and describe
microorganisms accurately in 1673
o Wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of
London: describing the “animalcules”
THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATIon
Anton van leeuwenhoek
Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving
matter; a “vital force” forms life
Aristotles’s doctrine of spontaneous generation.
Hypothesis that the living organisms arise
from preexisting life
Biogenesis
Demonstrated that maggots did not
spontaneously arise from decaying meat
Francisco Redi 1668
Found that even after heated the nutrient fluids
(chicken or corn broth) before pouring them into
covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon
teeming with microorganisms.
John needham 1745
showed that nutrient fluids heated after being
sealed in a flask did not develop microbial
growth. There was not enough oxygen to support
microbial life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)
introduced the concept of biogenesis: Livings
cells can arise only from preexisting cells.
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
1
st showed that microorganisms could cause
disease (silkworm disease was due to fungal
infection).
Agostino Bassi (1773-1856)
proved that the great potato blight of Ireland was
caused by fungus.
MJ Berkeley (1845)
demonstrated that microorganisms are present in
the air.
• Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not
sealed=Microbial growth.
Father of micribiology
discoveries led to the development of
aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical
procedures to prevent contamination by
microorganisms.
• demonstrated that microorganisms are
present in air and can contaminate sterile
solution, but air itself does not contain microbes
Louis Pasteur (1882-1895):
flask kept microbes out
but let air in
S shape ( swan neck) flask
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1857 - 1914
microorganism could kill in
beer and wine heating and then rapidly cooling.
Pasteurization:
in 1887, he developed a vaccine
using a weaken strained of Bacillus anthracis.
• In 1885, he also developed the first vaccine
against rabies in humans that saved millions of
human life worldwide.
Vaccination
Coined the term “vaccine” to commemorate
who used such
preparation for protection against smallpox.
Edward Jenner (1796)
hand disinfection
and puerperal fever
o a Hungarian obstetrician educated at the
universities of Pest and Vienna,
introduced antiseptic prophylaxis into
medicine.
Ignas Semmelweis (1840s
Phenol (carbolic acid) was used in treating
surgical wounds which reduced the infections
and deaths
o He proves that microorganism can caused
surgical wound infections.
The pioneer of aseptics
Joseph Lister (1860s):
Work in anthrax proves germ theory of
disease
o Procedures become _____ Postulates
o Discovered rod-shaped bacteria now known
as Bacillus anthracis.
o Development of pure culture technique
o Nobel Prize in 1905
Robert koch 1843 - 1910
Koch’s postulates
1.The microorganism must be present in every case
of the disease but absent from healthy host.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated
and grown in a pure culture from lesions of the
disease.
3. The isolated organism, in pure culture, when
inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should
produce a similar disease.
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again
in pure culture from the lesions produced in
experimental animals.
treatment of disease by using
chemical substances; chemical treatment of non-
infectious diseases.
Chemotherapy
chemotherapeutic agents
prepared from chemicals in the laboratory.
Synthetic drug
chemicals produced naturally by
bacteria and fungi to act against other
microorganisms.
Antibiotics
developed a synthetic arsenic drug called
salvarsan to treat syphilis.
o Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
that can have very serious complications when
left untreated, but it is simple to cure with the
right treatment.
o “Salvarsan” because it was considered to offer
salvation/escape from syphilis, and it contained
arsenic.
Paul Ehrlich (1910):
observed that mold Penicillium inhibit the growth
of a bacterial culture and name the active
ingredient penicillin.
o Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic
since 1940s.= 1
st antibiotic discovered by
accident
Alexander Fleming 1928
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
Study of fungi include agricultural and ecological branches
Mycology
Study of protozoa and parasitic worm
Parasitology
Study of viruses
Virology
Study of immunity
Immunology
study of all of an organism’s genes.
▪ classify bacteria and fungi according to
their genetic relationship with bacteria,
fungi and protozoa.
Genomics
Inserting a missing gene
or replacing a defective one in human
cells.
Gene therapy
helped advance all areas of
microbiology
Recombinant DNA Technology/ genetic engineering
Selective Nobel prizes for microbiology research
1901 von Behring
1902 Ross
1905 Koch
1908 Metchnikoff
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey
1952 Waksman
1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria
1987 Tonegawa
1997 Prusiner
2005 Marshall & Warren
Diphtheria antitoxin
Malaria transmission
TB bacterium
Phagocytes
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Viral replication
Antibody genetics
Prions
H. pylori & ulcers
