UNIT 1 Flashcards by Marianne Nadeen Aini Tupay

“The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.”

CEA Winslow

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“Fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy.”

Institute of Medicine

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“Public health aims to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people.”

World Health Organization

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prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by medical and allied health professions; also known as health care.

clinical care

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factor that contributes to the generation of a trait

determinant

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occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

Both terms are used interchangeably; however, epidemic usually refers to a larger geographic distribution of illness or health-related events.

epidemic or outbreak

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result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person’s life.

health outcome

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Greeks and Romans practice community sanitation measures

500 BCE

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The Public Health Act of 1848 was established in the United Kingdom

1840s

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The Environmental Protection Agency was founded

1970

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500 million infected worldwide in 1918

Influenza

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Polio Vaccine introduced in; eradication initiative launched in __

1955

1988

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34 million living with this worldwide; 20% decline in new infections since 2001

HIV

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It was used as a weapon of war during the Siege of Kaffa

Plague

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Public health surveillance
conducted after the 9/11 attacks

Sept 2001

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Emergency services, public health surveillance, and disease treatment provided

Hurricane Katrina

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The world’s first written health code

Book of Leviticus

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Laws banning smoking in public places

Tobacco Laws

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Food labeling and promotion of physical activity

Obesity

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Public Health Approach

Surveillance
Risk Factor Identification
Intervention Evaluation
Implementation

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What is the problem?

Surveillance

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What is the cause?

Risk Factor Identification

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What works?

Intervention Evaluation

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How do you do it?

Implementation

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Public Health Core Sciences

Prevention Effectiveness Epidemiology Laboratory Informatics Surveillances

It is a fatal intestinal disease, was rampant during the early 1800s in London, causing death to tens of thousands of people in the area.

Cholera

Cholera was commonly thought to be caused by bad air from rotting organic matter.

He is best known for his work tracing the source of the cholera outbreak and is considered the father of modern epidemiology.

John Snow

John Snow’s research convinced the British government that the source of cholera was water contaminated with sewage

Three Core Functions of Public Health

Assessment Policy Development Assurance

Systematically collect, analyze, and make available information on healthy communities

Assessment

Promote the use of a scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making

Policy Development

Ensure provision of services to those in need

Assurance

Ten Essential Public Health Services

1. Monitor Health 2. Diagnose and Investigate 3. Inform, Educate, Empower 4. Mobilize Community Partnership 5. Develop Policies 6. Enforce Laws 7. Link to/Provide Care 8. Assure a Competent Workforce 9. Evaluate 10. Research

American Public Health Association

Professional membership organizations

American Cancer Society

Associations related to a specific health concern

Americans for Nonsmokers Rights

Organizations of citizens focused on health concerns

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Foundations that support health projects and influence public policy development

Population focus

Individual patient focus

Public health ethic

Personal service ethic

Prevention or public health emphasis

Diagnosis and treatment emphasis

Joint laboratory and field involvement

Joint laboratory and patient involvement

Clinical sciences peripheral to professional training

Clinical sciences essential to professional training

Public sector basis

Private sector basis

Other Partners in Public Health

Media Employees and Businesses Government Agencies Academia

The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition”

It means that everyone should have access to the health services they need, when and where they need them, without suffering financial hardship.

The right to health for all people

WHO promotes the idea of __; it is the embodiment of human rights in the practice of care.

people-centred care

Considering these issues, a joint WHO-UNICEF international conference was held in 1978 in Alma Ata (USSR), commonly known as __

Alma-Ata conference

The conference included participation from government from __ countries and other different agencies.

134

 The conference jointly called for a revolutionary approach to the health care.  The conference declared ‘The existing gross inequality in the health status of people particularly between developed and developing countries as well as within countries is politically, socially and economically unacceptable’.

Alma Ata Conference

 Thus, the Alma-Ata conference called for acceptance of WHO goal of ‘Health for All’ by 2000 AD.  Furthermore, it proclaimed Primary Health Care (PHC) as a way to achieve ‘___’.

Health for All

In this way, the concept of ___ came into existence globally in 1978 from the Alma-Ata Conference

Primary Health Care (PHC)

It is when someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristic or personal trait that's thought to be, or actually is, a disadvantage (a negative stereotype) the patient exhibits hallucinatory behavior, or the fact alone that the patient is being treated with clozapine, an antipsychotic medication.

STIGMA

It is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation

DISCRIMINATION

It is when someone expresses negative opinions or disdain when you tell them you're using medication to treat a mental health issue. They assume — wrongly — that taking medication signifies weakness of character or an inability to work through tough times.

PILL SHAMING

Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, consists of measures taken for disease prevention. Disease and disability are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease agents, and lifestyle choices, and are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected

HEALTH PREVENTION

It is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.WHO

HEALTH PROMOTION

Pharmacists across the country, especially those who work with members of the public on a daily basis, are in a unique position to educate people about COVID-19 and how it spreads. By doing so, pharmacists are arming people with the knowledge necessary to make informed, healthy decisions.

Educating the Public

As we all know, the internet is currently filled with articles, videos, and posts about COVID-19. But not all of these resources are accurate. As highly-educated health professionals, pharmacists are able to share reliable and accurate information about the coronavirus with their patients and the public. They are knowledgeable about the spread of COVID-19, possible treatment options, and prevention methods, and are therefore able to help reduce panic and prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Sharing Reliable Resources

Many pharmacists interact with patients every day. By serving as role models for healthy, preventative behavior—like regular hand washing and wearing gloves—pharmacists are able to show the general public that they’re taking the threat of COVID-19 seriously.

Serving as Role Models for Healthy Behavior

It is one of the best ways to reduce existing stigma toward patients with mental illness in the field of pharmacy, according to research presented at the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacies' Virtual Pharmacy Education 2020 conference.

In-person contact

Another model of collaborative care is the ___ in which an agreement is reached between the pharmacists and the physicians so that the pharmacists assume responsibility for completing patient assessments, selecting and adjusting drug regimens and monitoring patients results from pharmacotherapy, among other activities

Collaborative Drug Therapy Management (CDTM)