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BIOL 235 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

According to this model, the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins (Figure 3.2). Some proteins float freely like icebergs in the lipid sea, whereas others are anchored at specific locations like islands.

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

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4
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

Physiology is the science of body functions—how the body parts work.

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5
Q

What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal.

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6
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.

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8
Q

What are the components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor, Control Center, Effector.

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9
Q

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

A

Negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition, while positive feedback strengthens or reinforces a change.

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10
Q

Give an example of a negative feedback system in the body.

A

Regulation of blood pressure – when it rises, baroreceptors send signals to the brain to decrease heart rate and dilate blood vessels.

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11
Q

Give an example of a positive feedback system in the body.

A

Childbirth – stretching of the cervix leads to oxytocin release, which intensifies contractions until birth occurs.

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12
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, and arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

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13
Q

What are the major body cavities?

A

Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic.

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14
Q

What are the three major planes of the body?

A

Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse.

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15
Q

What is the role of serous membranes?

A

They reduce friction by secreting lubricating fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of body cavities.

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16
Q

What are the six basic life processes?

A

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction.

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17
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism.

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18
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones, while anabolism is the building of complex substances from simpler ones.

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19
Q

What is responsiveness in terms of life processes?

A

Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its environment.

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20
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

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21
Q

What are the four types of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

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22
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

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23
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue supports, binds, and protects organs while distributing blood vessels to tissues.

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24
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

Muscular tissue contracts to produce movement and generate heat.

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25
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue carries information throughout the body using electrical signals.
26
What is an organ?
An organ is a structure composed of two or more different types of tissues that perform a specific function.
27
What is an organ system?
An organ system consists of related organs working together to perform a common function.
28
29
What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
30
What is an isotope?
An isotope is an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
31
What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
An ionic bond forms when electrons are transferred, while a covalent bond forms when electrons are shared.
32
What is the function of water in the human body?
Water is essential for chemical reactions, temperature regulation, and as a solvent for biological molecules.
33
What is the pH scale, and what does it measure?
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).
34
What is the role of buffers in the body?
Buffers help maintain a stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.
35
What are the four major organic molecules essential to life?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
36
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular processes.
37
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids.
38
What is the role of enzymes in the body?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
39
What is ATP, and why is it important?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for cellular processes.
40
What are the two types of nucleic acids, and what are their functions?
DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (helps synthesize proteins).
41
What are lipids, and what are their functions?
Lipids are fats and oils that store energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes.
42
What is the significance of the phospholipid bilayer in cells?
It forms the cell membrane, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
43
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.
44
What is a hydrogen bond, and where is it found in the body?
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom, found in DNA and proteins.
45
What is dehydration synthesis?
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by removing a water molecule.
46
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction in which water is added to break down a larger molecule into smaller units.
47
What is an electrolyte?
A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and conducts electricity.
48
What are some examples of important electrolytes in the body?
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Chloride (Cl-).
49
What is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction?
A reaction in which one molecule loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction).
50
What is the function of DNA?
DNA stores genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms.
51
What is the significance of the double-helix structure of DNA?
It allows for the replication and storage of genetic information efficiently.
52
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded, while RNA contains ribose and is single-stranded.
53
What are the three types of RNA and their roles?
mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic code, tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes, and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) helps form ribosomes.
54
55
What are the three main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
56
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a selective barrier, regulating the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
57
What are the two components of the cytoplasm?
Cytosol and organelles.
58
What is the role of the nucleus?
It houses the cell’s DNA and directs cell activities.
59
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
It synthesizes and processes proteins.
60
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
It synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.
61
What is the role of ribosomes?
They are responsible for protein synthesis.
62
What organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
The mitochondrion, because it generates ATP.
63
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
64
What are lysosomes responsible for?
They digest and remove cellular waste.
65
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps in cell movement.
66
What is the centrosome’s function?
It organizes microtubules and helps in cell division.
67
What are peroxisomes, and what do they do?
Organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
68
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
They aid in cell movement; cilia move fluids across cell surfaces, while flagella propel cells.
69
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport does.
70
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
71
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A type of active transport that moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
72
What is endocytosis?
The process of a cell engulfing substances from its environment.
73
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
74
What is exocytosis?
The process by which a cell releases substances to the external environment.
75
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
76
What are the four phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
77
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
78
What is the purpose of meiosis?
It produces gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes.
79
What is the cell cycle?
The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
80
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissue.
81
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
It covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
82
What is the function of connective tissue?
It supports, binds, and protects body structures.
83
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle tissue.
84
What is the function of nervous tissue?
It detects stimuli and transmits electrical impulses for communication and coordination.
85
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells, an apical surface, a basement membrane, and is avascular but has a nerve supply.
86
What are the different types of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?
Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers), and Pseudostratified (appears layered but is not).
87
What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), and Columnar (tall and column-like).
88
What are the two main types of glands in the body?
Endocrine (secretes hormones into the bloodstream) and Exocrine (secretes substances into ducts).
89
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers (strong and flexible), Elastic fibers (stretchy and resilient), and Reticular fibers (supportive mesh).
90
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
They produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.
91
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and Dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic).
92
What are the major functions of adipose tissue?
It stores energy, provides insulation, and cushions organs.
93
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone (dense and strong) and Spongy bone (lightweight and porous).
94
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelets.
95
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic cartilage.
96
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Provides flexibility and support, reduces friction in joints.
97
Where is fibrocartilage found?
In intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and knee menisci.
98
What are the two main types of nervous tissue cells?
Neurons (transmit nerve impulses) and Neuroglia (support neurons).
99
What is the structure of a neuron?
It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
100
What is the function of dendrites?
They receive and transmit signals toward the cell body.
101
What is the myelin sheath and its function?
A fatty layer around axons that insulates and speeds up nerve impulses.
102
What are the four types of membranes in the body?
Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous (skin), and Synovial membranes.
103
What is the function of synovial membranes?
They line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid to reduce friction.
104
What are the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?
Skeletal (voluntary, striated), Cardiac (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), and Smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
105
What are the two main layers of the skin?
Epidermis and Dermis.
106
What is the function of the epidermis?
It provides a waterproof barrier and creates skin tone.
107
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
108
What are the four main types of cells found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
109
What is the function of keratinocytes?
They produce keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin from damage and water loss.
110
What is the function of melanocytes?
They produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation and gives skin its color.
111
What is the function of Langerhans cells?
They help with immune response by detecting and presenting foreign substances to the immune system.
112
What is the function of Merkel cells?
They are involved in sensory reception, helping detect touch.
113
What is the dermis primarily composed of?
Connective tissue, including collagen and elastin fibers.
114
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer and Reticular layer.
115
What structures are found in the dermis?
Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
116
What is the function of sebaceous (oil) glands?
They secrete sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair.
117
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Eccrine glands and Apocrine glands.
118
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine glands are found all over the body and help regulate body temperature, while apocrine glands are located in the armpits and groin and are activated during stress and puberty.
119
What is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) composed of?
Fat (adipose tissue) and connective tissue.
120
What is the main function of the hypodermis?
It provides insulation, stores energy, and cushions underlying structures.
121
What is the function of hair?
It provides protection, helps regulate temperature, and enhances sensation.
122
What is the function of nails?
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and enhance the ability to grasp objects.
123
What are the three main types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Melanoma.
124
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
Melanoma, because it spreads rapidly to other parts of the body.
125
What is the role of vitamin D synthesis in the skin?
The skin helps produce vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation, which is important for calcium absorption and bone health.
126
What are the three degrees of burns?
First-degree (affects only the epidermis), Second-degree (affects the epidermis and part of the dermis), and Third-degree (destroys both the epidermis and dermis).
127
Why are third-degree burns particularly dangerous?
They destroy nerve endings, impair the skin’s ability to retain water, and increase the risk of infection.
128
What are fingerprints, and how are they formed?
Fingerprints are unique ridge patterns on the skin, formed by the dermal papillae in the dermis.
129
How does the skin help regulate body temperature?
Through sweating (cooling effect) and constriction/dilation of blood vessels (retaining or releasing heat).

BIOL 235 (1 decks)

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