Unit #1 Flashcards
Seven components of wellness
Personal
Environmental
Emotional
Social
Spiritual
Intellectual
Financial
SMART
Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound
Homeostasis
Staying the same
Process by which an organism maintains a constant internal environment, inspire of changes occurring in the external environment
Thermoregulation
The ability to maintain a constant body temperature usually around 37 degrees
Osmoregulation
The ability to maintain a constant water balance
Waste management
The ability of the body to rid itself of harmful wastes. Crucial for homeostasis
Négative feedback for thermorégulation
Cell membrane
Cells gatekeeper and security dunce. Selectively permeable barrier crucial for maintaining the cells internal environment and responding to changes in the environment
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance that fills the cell and holds all the organelles in place. Many essential chemical reactions occur like the initial stages of cellular respiration. It helps transport materials within the cell
Golgi apparatus
Post office packing and distribution. Ur faked proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum modified them ( like adding sugars) sorts them and packages them into vesicles ( small membrane-bound sacs) for transport to their final destinations inside or outside the cell
Lysosome
Cells recycling center and waste disposal unit. They contain powerful enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris and even worn out organelles these enzymes are crucial for digesting materials ingested by the cell and programmed cell death ( apopatis)
Mitochondrion
Powerhouse of Tyhe cell responsible for cellular respiration, the process of converting glucose and other nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP. Essential for all cellular activities. Have double membrane with inner membrane folded into cristae, which increases the surface area for ATP
Nucleolus
Located within the nucleus, is the site of ribosome biognesis. It’s where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and combined with proteins to form ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis
Endoplasme reticulum
Network of membranes that extend throughout the cytoplasm. There are two types roughly ER (RER) and smooth er (SER) RER is covered in ribosomes giving it rough appearance, and u involved in protein synthesis and SER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification and calcium storage
Vacuole
Storage containers within the cell. They can store water nutrients, waste products and other substances. Plant cells often have a large central vacuole that plays a crucial role in maintaining cell turgor pressure (rigidity) in animal cells vacuoles tend to be smaller and more numerous
Concentration gradient
Difference in substance concentration between two areas
High to low ( passive transport)
Against concentration gradient (active transport)
Molecular polarity
Non polar molecules pass easily though lipid bilayer poler molecules require transport proteins
Impact on passive diffusion
Sensory receptor
Detects a particular stimulus fr the internal or external environment and relays this information to the control center noticing there is a change
Diffusion
Movement of particle with a concentration gradient
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules though a selectively permeable membrane
Membrane controls what will pass though it pores
Passive transport
Involves carries channels or direct diffusion to low concentration no energy is required
Examples of passive transport
Simple diifuions
Channel mediated diffusion ( facilitated diffusion) and carrier mediated diffusion (facilitated diffusion)
Active transport
Goes against the concentration gradient
A source of energy is required
Energy is provided by ATP ( adenosine Triphopdhste )
Types of active transport
Protéine pumps
Endocytocis
Exocytosis
Protein pumps
Embedded in the cell membrane and pumps substances against the concentration gradient
Endocytosis
Transport of large particles into a cell
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Expcytosis
Transport of large particle outside the cell
Requires energy
Température effect s
Higher temp = increased molecular kinetic energy
Faster particle movement across membranes
Affects diffusion rates
Impact on membrane fluidity
Surface area
Greater surface area = more transport opportunities
Cel membrane folding increases surface area
Microvilli in untestinsl cells example
Relationships to transport efficiency
Isotonic
Two solutions are isotonic if they have the same concentration of solutes. In this case, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane because the water concentration is also the same
Hypotonic
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution. In this case, water will move into the cell, potentially causing it to swell and bursts
Hypertonic
A hypertonic solution had a higher concentration of solutes than another solution in his case water will move out of the cell causing it to shrink
