Unit 1 Flashcards
4 D’s
Deviance, Distress, Disfunction, Danger
Quasi-experimental Design
Observe expermental group differences without applying the independent variable, instaed observing the natural difference in groups
• matched groups: match experimental participants with control participants who are similar in age, sex, race, familial backgrounds, etc.
• no random assignment – not ethical
Epidemiological Studies
- incidence: number of new cases in a time period
* prevalence: number of people with a disorder in a period of time (includes lifetime prevalence)
Outcome Research
- Efficacy: tightly controlled experiments in labs; high internal validity
- Effectiveness: looks at therapy in the real world; high external validity
- Therapy works more often than it doesn’t
- Best predictor of success is client-therapist relationship (therapeutic alliance)
Pinel / La Bicetre
French doctor after French Revolution who brought better more ethical treatment to the asylum La Bicetre. Introduced concept of psychiatric records/history
Tuke
English version of Pinel
Benjamin Rush
US forefather of ethical treatment
Dorothea Dix
Led campaign for more public hospitals, better conditions
Decline of Moral Treatment
Too quick of movement growth -> overcrowding
Not enough hard treatment outside of dignity
Stigma against mental illness
Somatogenic Treatment
Led by Kraeplin, shift to a medical/biological treatment of mental illness
organic factors lead to mental disorders
major advancements in medicine
discovery of connection between General Paresis and syphilis
Psychogenic Treatment
Hypnotism based.
Mesmer and mesmerism (magnets to shift magnetic fluid, spirituality)
Bernheim and Liebault (Hysteria can be cured by hypnosis, concluded that hysteria was largely psychological)
Bruer (Patients who spoke about their problems under hypnosis often had alleviated symptoms)
Mesmer and mesmerism
(magnets to shift magnetic fluid, spirituality)
Bernheim and Liebault
(Hysteria can be cured by hypnosis, concluded that hysteria was largely psychological)
Bruer
(Patients who spoke about their problems under hypnosis often had alleviated symptoms)
Psychotropic medication
Drugs that affect the brain and thus affect the symptoms of mental dysfunction
(Antipsychotic - Correct confusion/disorientation
Antidepressant - Lift mood of depressed
Antianxiety - Reduce tension, worry)
Exictatory Message (EPSP)
Neurotransmitter tells receptor neuron to perform Action Potential. Depolarization (more pos.), allow Na+ in. GABA is primary neurotransmitter
Inhibitory Message (IPSP)
Neurotransmitter tells receptor neuron not to perform Action Potential. Hyperpolarized as K+ leaves cell. GABA is primary neurotransmitter
Parietal Lobe
In the cerebrum, processes info on pain, touch, temperature, pressure, etc
Thalamus
Relay center for cortex, in the forebrain
Hypothalamus
In Forebrain. Regulates biological needs (hunger, thirst, temp, etc). Pituitary gland attached`
Medulla
In brainstem, in hindbrain. Regulates unconcious processes ie breathing, circulation
Pons
Sleep and arousal in brainstem, hindbrain
Cerebellum
In hindbrain. Controls balance and fine muscle movement
Schizophrenia
Result of excess or oversensitive Dopamine receptors. Possible connection w/ glutamate
Phenothizaines
Schizo drugs, reduce dopamine activity and blocks receptors
Depression
Lowers norepinephrine and serotonin levels
Psychotropic drugs
Medications that affect emotions, thought processes (antianxiety, antidepressants, etc)
Modern psychodynamic therapy
Short-term and Relational (patients choose single issue and requires therapists to be open to disclosing own experiences and feelings to relate with patient to)
Schemas
Cognitive Theory. Cognitive framework or concept to organize and interpret information
Basic estrangement of man
Rogers, caused by conflicts between our self-concept and our real experience
Climate for Growth (Humanism)
Necessary environment for personal development:
Unconditional positive regard
Accurate empathy
Congruence (genuineness)
Primary Prevention for Community Mental Health
Improve community attitudes and policies
Secondary Prevention for Community Mental Health
Identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious
Tertiary Prevention for Community Mental Health
provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems
Problems in Living
Normal human problems that are increasingly medicalized as disorders
Kraeplin
Developed the first modern classification system for abnormal behavior
foundation of DSM system
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Provides statistics and diagnosis, not treatment.
DSM I
- 60 categories
Neurosis (minor) and psychosis (major) disorders. Psychoanalysis basis. Very low validity
DSM II
- 145 categories
Neurosis (minor) and psychosis (major) disorders. Psychoanalysis basis. Very low validity
DSM III
- 230 categories
Non-etiological (not cause-based, only symptom based)
DSM IV
2000.
Non-etiological (not cause-based, only symptom based)
ICD
International Classification System of Disease.
75% of therapists and insurance cos use this global health manual that includes mental disease. Non-etiological. Currently ICD 9
CCMD
Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.
Attempt to match ICD. 40 culture-specific disorders
DSM V
- 400 disorders. Diagnosis based on distress and dysfunction.
Clinician provides:
Categorical Information (Diagnosis)
Dimensional Information (Severity)
and Additional Info (Relevant Med. Conditions)
Criticisms of DSM V`
Led by Robert Spitz and Alan Frances. Low reliability - cancelled field trials. Weak methodology Secretive process Ties to Pharma industry Medicalization
Response Inventories
Tests designed to measure responses to specific area of functioning.
Affective Inv.: Emotion
Social Skill Inv: Social Skills
Cognitive Inv.: Cog. Skills
Physiological Test
Test that measures physiological responses (polygraph)
Neurological Test
Test that directly measures brain activity and structure (EEG, neuroimaging, CAT scan, etc)
Neuropsychological Test
Detect brain impairment from tests of cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance (Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test [look at designs, copy them down, remember later])
Overload
Loss of validity in clinical observations. Too much info to take it all of the important behaviors, events
Observer Drift
Loss of validity in clinical observations. Steady decline in accuracy as fatigue or disinterest influences observation over time
Observer Bias
Loss of validity in clinical observations. Observer’s judgement pre-influenced by info/expectations of subject
Client Reactivity
Loss of validity in clinical observations. Behavior affected by presence of observer
Cross-Situational Validity
Loss of validity in clinical observations. Behavior that is only specific to certain setting
Therapy
Empirically supported. Difficult to determine success/improvement. Therapy more helpful than placebos/no treatment, but 5-10% of patients get worse
Reapproachment Movement
Effort to consolidate set of common strategies across therapists.
Found that the most successful therapists give the most feedback to clients, help clients focus on their own thoughts and behavior, pay attention to the way they and their clients are interacting, and try to promote self-mastery in their clients
Anxiety
Central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
State Anxiety
Exposure to anxiety-inducing stimulus -> physiological anxiety response (sympathetic nervous system)
Trait Anxiety
Recurring state of anxiety from wide range of stimuli.
Somatic Nervous System
Sensory info going to brain, motor info coming from brain
Sympathetic Nervous System
Leads to fight or flight response. Produces adrenaline, norepinephrine
Freudian Anxiety
3 Kinds:
Reality: fear faced with actual danger
Neurotic: fear faced with internal danger
Moral: guilt or shame faced with inner conscience
Anxiety is a conscious state, inborn in humans.
Horney Anxiety
Motivation comes from need for security, loss of security -> anxiety. The most painful human experiences, core of neurosis
Modern Psychodynamic Anxiety
People with anxiety -> use defense mechanisms.
Children punished heavily for id impulses -> anxiety issues later in life
Learning-Behavioral Anxiety
Behaviors learned through classical conditioning, maintained through operant conditioning
Roger’s Humanistic Anxiety
Anxiety is response to threat to self-image, incongruity btw self-concept and experience.
Can be helpful in re-evaluating self-concept, leading to motivation.
Reaction Formation
Defense mechanism wherein a person attempts to repress feelings and overcompensate for them
Intellectualization/Isolation
Defense mechanism in which a person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
Choice of Defense Mechanisms
Cramer Study on Age/Maturity:
Use of Def. Mech. is normal, excess is considered immature.
Choice of defense depends on nature of conflict, age, and context.
Usage changes over development:
Childhood: Denial
Projection: increases from early childhood - adolescence
Identification: increases from early childhood - late adolescence
