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Abnormal Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 D’s

A

Deviance, Distress, Disfunction, Danger

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2
Q

Quasi-experimental Design

A

Observe expermental group differences without applying the independent variable, instaed observing the natural difference in groups
• matched groups: match experimental participants with control participants who are similar in age, sex, race, familial backgrounds, etc.
• no random assignment – not ethical

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3
Q

Epidemiological Studies

A
  • incidence: number of new cases in a time period

* prevalence: number of people with a disorder in a period of time (includes lifetime prevalence)

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4
Q

Outcome Research

A
  • Efficacy: tightly controlled experiments in labs; high internal validity
  • Effectiveness: looks at therapy in the real world; high external validity
  • Therapy works more often than it doesn’t
  • Best predictor of success is client-therapist relationship (therapeutic alliance)
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5
Q

Pinel / La Bicetre

A

French doctor after French Revolution who brought better more ethical treatment to the asylum La Bicetre. Introduced concept of psychiatric records/history

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6
Q

Tuke

A

English version of Pinel

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7
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

US forefather of ethical treatment

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8
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Led campaign for more public hospitals, better conditions

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9
Q

Decline of Moral Treatment

A

Too quick of movement growth -> overcrowding
Not enough hard treatment outside of dignity
Stigma against mental illness

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10
Q

Somatogenic Treatment

A

Led by Kraeplin, shift to a medical/biological treatment of mental illness
 organic factors lead to mental disorders
 major advancements in medicine
 discovery of connection between General Paresis and syphilis

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11
Q

Psychogenic Treatment

A

Hypnotism based.
Mesmer and mesmerism (magnets to shift magnetic fluid, spirituality)
Bernheim and Liebault (Hysteria can be cured by hypnosis, concluded that hysteria was largely psychological)
Bruer (Patients who spoke about their problems under hypnosis often had alleviated symptoms)

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12
Q

Mesmer and mesmerism

A

(magnets to shift magnetic fluid, spirituality)

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13
Q

Bernheim and Liebault

A

(Hysteria can be cured by hypnosis, concluded that hysteria was largely psychological)

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14
Q

Bruer

A

(Patients who spoke about their problems under hypnosis often had alleviated symptoms)

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15
Q

Psychotropic medication

A

Drugs that affect the brain and thus affect the symptoms of mental dysfunction
(Antipsychotic - Correct confusion/disorientation
Antidepressant - Lift mood of depressed
Antianxiety - Reduce tension, worry)

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16
Q

Exictatory Message (EPSP)

A

Neurotransmitter tells receptor neuron to perform Action Potential. Depolarization (more pos.), allow Na+ in. GABA is primary neurotransmitter

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17
Q

Inhibitory Message (IPSP)

A

Neurotransmitter tells receptor neuron not to perform Action Potential. Hyperpolarized as K+ leaves cell. GABA is primary neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

In the cerebrum, processes info on pain, touch, temperature, pressure, etc

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay center for cortex, in the forebrain

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In Forebrain. Regulates biological needs (hunger, thirst, temp, etc). Pituitary gland attached`

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21
Q

Medulla

A

In brainstem, in hindbrain. Regulates unconcious processes ie breathing, circulation

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22
Q

Pons

A

Sleep and arousal in brainstem, hindbrain

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23
Q

Cerebellum

A

In hindbrain. Controls balance and fine muscle movement

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24
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Result of excess or oversensitive Dopamine receptors. Possible connection w/ glutamate

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25
Q

Phenothizaines

A

Schizo drugs, reduce dopamine activity and blocks receptors

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26
Q

Depression

A

Lowers norepinephrine and serotonin levels

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27
Q

Psychotropic drugs

A

Medications that affect emotions, thought processes (antianxiety, antidepressants, etc)

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28
Q

Modern psychodynamic therapy

A

Short-term and Relational (patients choose single issue and requires therapists to be open to disclosing own experiences and feelings to relate with patient to)

29
Q

Schemas

A

Cognitive Theory. Cognitive framework or concept to organize and interpret information

30
Q

Basic estrangement of man

A

Rogers, caused by conflicts between our self-concept and our real experience

31
Q

Climate for Growth (Humanism)

A

Necessary environment for personal development:
Unconditional positive regard
Accurate empathy
Congruence (genuineness)

32
Q

Primary Prevention for Community Mental Health

A

Improve community attitudes and policies

33
Q

Secondary Prevention for Community Mental Health

A

Identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious

34
Q

Tertiary Prevention for Community Mental Health

A

provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems

35
Q

Problems in Living

A

Normal human problems that are increasingly medicalized as disorders

36
Q

Kraeplin

A

Developed the first modern classification system for abnormal behavior
foundation of DSM system

37
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Provides statistics and diagnosis, not treatment.

38
Q

DSM I

A
  1. 60 categories

Neurosis (minor) and psychosis (major) disorders. Psychoanalysis basis. Very low validity

39
Q

DSM II

A
  1. 145 categories

Neurosis (minor) and psychosis (major) disorders. Psychoanalysis basis. Very low validity

40
Q

DSM III

A
  1. 230 categories

Non-etiological (not cause-based, only symptom based)

41
Q

DSM IV

A

2000.

Non-etiological (not cause-based, only symptom based)

42
Q

ICD

A

International Classification System of Disease.
75% of therapists and insurance cos use this global health manual that includes mental disease. Non-etiological. Currently ICD 9

43
Q

CCMD

A

Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.

Attempt to match ICD. 40 culture-specific disorders

44
Q

DSM V

A
  1. 400 disorders. Diagnosis based on distress and dysfunction.
    Clinician provides:
    Categorical Information (Diagnosis)
    Dimensional Information (Severity)
    and Additional Info (Relevant Med. Conditions)
45
Q

Criticisms of DSM V`

A 
Led by Robert Spitz and Alan Frances.
Low reliability - cancelled field trials.
Weak methodology
Secretive process
Ties to Pharma industry
Medicalization
46
Q

Response Inventories

A

Tests designed to measure responses to specific area of functioning.
Affective Inv.: Emotion
Social Skill Inv: Social Skills
Cognitive Inv.: Cog. Skills

47
Q

Physiological Test

A

Test that measures physiological responses (polygraph)

48
Q

Neurological Test

A

Test that directly measures brain activity and structure (EEG, neuroimaging, CAT scan, etc)

49
Q

Neuropsychological Test

A

Detect brain impairment from tests of cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance (Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test [look at designs, copy them down, remember later])

50
Q

Overload

A

Loss of validity in clinical observations. Too much info to take it all of the important behaviors, events

51
Q

Observer Drift

A

Loss of validity in clinical observations. Steady decline in accuracy as fatigue or disinterest influences observation over time

52
Q

Observer Bias

A

Loss of validity in clinical observations. Observer’s judgement pre-influenced by info/expectations of subject

53
Q

Client Reactivity

A

Loss of validity in clinical observations. Behavior affected by presence of observer

54
Q

Cross-Situational Validity

A

Loss of validity in clinical observations. Behavior that is only specific to certain setting

55
Q

Therapy

A

Empirically supported. Difficult to determine success/improvement. Therapy more helpful than placebos/no treatment, but 5-10% of patients get worse

56
Q

Reapproachment Movement

A

Effort to consolidate set of common strategies across therapists.
Found that the most successful therapists give the most feedback to clients, help clients focus on their own thoughts and behavior, pay attention to the way they and their clients are interacting, and try to promote self-mastery in their clients

57
Q

Anxiety

A

Central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

58
Q

State Anxiety

A

Exposure to anxiety-inducing stimulus -> physiological anxiety response (sympathetic nervous system)

59
Q

Trait Anxiety

A

Recurring state of anxiety from wide range of stimuli.

60
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory info going to brain, motor info coming from brain

61
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Leads to fight or flight response. Produces adrenaline, norepinephrine

62
Q

Freudian Anxiety

A

3 Kinds:
Reality: fear faced with actual danger
Neurotic: fear faced with internal danger
Moral: guilt or shame faced with inner conscience
Anxiety is a conscious state, inborn in humans.

63
Q

Horney Anxiety

A

Motivation comes from need for security, loss of security -> anxiety. The most painful human experiences, core of neurosis

64
Q

Modern Psychodynamic Anxiety

A

People with anxiety -> use defense mechanisms.

Children punished heavily for id impulses -> anxiety issues later in life

65
Q

Learning-Behavioral Anxiety

A

Behaviors learned through classical conditioning, maintained through operant conditioning

66
Q

Roger’s Humanistic Anxiety

A

Anxiety is response to threat to self-image, incongruity btw self-concept and experience.
Can be helpful in re-evaluating self-concept, leading to motivation.

67
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Defense mechanism wherein a person attempts to repress feelings and overcompensate for them

68
Q

Intellectualization/Isolation

A

Defense mechanism in which a person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem

69
Q

Choice of Defense Mechanisms

A

Cramer Study on Age/Maturity:
Use of Def. Mech. is normal, excess is considered immature.
Choice of defense depends on nature of conflict, age, and context.
Usage changes over development:
Childhood: Denial
Projection: increases from early childhood - adolescence
Identification: increases from early childhood - late adolescence

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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