Unit 1 Flashcards
TEST STUDY
Eukaryotes
Larger cells with nucleus and complex organelles, nucleus, vesicles and end-membranes
What is an epidemic?
Rapid spread of pathogen across life.
What were the consequences of plant diseases during the Irish Famine?
- Famine * Social unrest * Degradation * Biodiversity loss * Increased GMO use
What crop was primarily relied upon by the Irish population in the 19th century?
Potatoes
What percentage of the potato crop survived from 1845 to 1847?
3/16
Fill in the blank: The fungus that caused the Irish Potato Famine is called _______.
Phytophthora Infestans
How do fungi differentiate from plants?
- Heterotrophs * Filamentous bodies * Lack of motile sperm * Chitin cell walls * Nucleus mitosis
What is mycelium?
A network of hyphae in fungi.
What is the function of Koch’s Postulates?
To establish a causal relationship between a pathogen and a disease.
List the steps of Koch’s Postulates.
- Observe association of pathogen and disease * Isolate and grow pure culture * Inoculate a healthy host with the pure culture * Reisolate pathogen from host
What are the two main types of cells?
- Prokaryotic cells * Eukaryotic cells
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have internal membranes and organelles.
False
What is the role of microbes in ecosystems?
- Commensals * Nutrient cyclers * Mutualists * Antibiotic producers
What are the three types of diets fungi can have?
- Saprotroph * Pathogen/Predator * Mutualist
Define the Disease Triangle.
Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen, Conducive Environment
What is the primary focus of disease control methods?
To treat organisms (often farmed) instead of curing.
Fill in the blank: The process of preventing the introduction of foreign pathogens is known as _______.
Exclusion
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability of bacteria to survive exposure to antibiotics.
What is a significant cause of food poisoning?
Microbes or toxins.
What was a historical method to prevent foodborne illnesses in meat and dairy?
Curing or fermenting.
What is the One Health Framework?
The philosophy that the health of people relates to the health of animals, plants, and the environment.
What is ergot and its effects?
- Acts as a vasoconstrictor * Impedes dopamine sensors and fertility * Associated with hallucinations
What is the estimated annual cost of food poisoning treatment in the U.S.?
$35 million
What is the main consequence of climate change on plant diseases?
Emergence of new diseases leading to food loss.
What is the One Health Framework?
Philosophy that health of people relates to health of animals/plants + environment.
How does industrial scale of organic production affect outbreaks?
Increased outbreaks, as seen with Hemorrhagic Colitis caused by E. coli originally from plants.
What are the characteristics of locally grown food?
- More expensive
- Quality inconsistent
- Seasonal
- Fresh
- Rarely infected
- Supports local economy
- Smaller carbon footprint
What are the characteristics of large scale food production?
- Not fresh
- Higher disease risk
- High carbon footprint
- Corporate money
- Cheap
- Consistent quality
- Available year-round
What does diet culture support?
Inaccurate food claims and unhealthy practices.
Define fad diet.
Villain food leading to ultra processed food.
What constitutes a proper diet?
- You need to eat
- Eat flexible
- Mostly plants
- Unprocessed food
What are heritage eating patterns?
Enjoying food and healthy eating mix essentially.
Prokaryote
Smaller cells with plasmid DNA with no internal membranes, compartments, or organelles that group up and have ribosomes scattered, move through flagella
Autotrophs vs Heterotroph
Produces own food vs eats food
Microbes
all domains of life that recycle nutrients and produce antibiotics
Spontaneous Generation Confirmation Bias
Correlation vs Causation causes people to believe life could emerge from non life with air, disproved by Louis Pasterum through the bottleneck expiriment
Stem Rust
Puccinia Graminis that produces through cloning until they merge nuclei to sexually reproduce
Pustules
Spore producers that exist on cereal crops and row until they rupture plant tissue
Urediniospores
Spores that infect other same species hosts and speed up infection
Teliospores
Winter spores that can resist the cold while also merging nuclei into Baseless spores
Baselios spores
Spores that are grown on cereal plants and infect berbers plants. They are made through meiosis. produce spermatogonia
Spermatagonia
Grow on berberous plants and then send spores into multiple spermatia to create new genetic models, then form pustules that release aeciospores
aeciospores
release from spermatia pustules to infect cereal hosts.
Mold
Taxonomically diverse fungal species mainly in the ascomycetes family
Yeast
single celled fungal type thatvspreads through budding
Filamentous
multi cellular fungus type that branches filaments of hyphae to reproduce through spores and mushrooms
Spores
Filamentous Asexual and Sexual reproductions means
Fungi
Heterotrophs with inverted stomachs and chitin cell walls
Basidiomycota
mushroom forming phyla of fungi
Asomycota
Filamentous and yeast phyla of mushrooms
Saprotrophs
natures recyclers that eat dead bodies(mold and fermented products)
Mutualists
form symbiosis with species, especially plants
Mycorrhizae
helped plants colonize land and gather nutrients and water for 80-90% of plants
Predetors
Steal food from host by killing or leeching
Appressorium
process of a predator fungi asserting pressure on plant wall to go into the host
Ergot
increased wet period led to growth of this, which caused LSD in people accusing them if witchcraft
Uses of mycotoxins
Creates penicillin
