UNIT 1 Flashcards by FRANCHESCA MAUREEN CUISON

First recognizable
precursor of neutrophils

myeloblasts

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Round to oval and
eccentric

Evenly basophilic and full of
primary (azurophilic)
granules

PROMYELOCYTES

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Stage where you can
differentiate the
granulocytes

myelocytes

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Last stage capable of
mitosis
• Stop of primary
granules production and
start of secondary
granules

myelocytes

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Indented (kidney bean
or peanut shaped)
with clumped
chromatin

metamyelocytes

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Highly clumped with
indentation more than
half of the nucleus
without segmentation

BANDS

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Presence of 2-5
nuclear lobes
connected by
thread-like filaments

SEGMENTED NEUTROPHILS

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Start of synthesis of
tertiary granules

metamyelocytes

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Start of synthesis of
secretory granules

BANDS

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no visible granules

TYPE 1 MYELOBLASTS

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dispersed primary
granules (< than 20 per cell)

TYPE 2 MYELOBLASTS

LESS

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rare in bone marrow
and has darker chromatin and
cytoplasm (> than 20 granules
per cell)

TYPE 3 MYELOBLASTS

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Formed during promyelocyte.

Last to be released

PRIMARY GRANULES

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Formed during myelocyte and
metamyelocyte stage

THIRD TO BE RELEASED

SECONDARY GRANULES

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Formed during metamyelocyte
and the band stage.

second to be released

tertiary granules/gelatinase granules

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Formed during band and
segmented stage.

First to be released (fuse
to plasma membrane

secretory granules

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Characterized by presence of
Charcot-Leyden crystals in primary
Granules.

PROMYELOCYTES EOSINOPHIL

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Characterized by presence of large,
pale, reddish-orange secondary
granules, along with azure granules in
blue cytoplasm.

myelocytes eosinophil

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Secondary granules increase in
number.
• Start of secretory granules synthesis.
• Characterized by 2 distinct
organelles:
a. lipid bodies
b. small granules

metamyelocytes and bands

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Bilobed

Characterized by refractile,
orange-red secondary granules

matured eosinophil

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Formed during promyelocyte stage.

Charcot-Leyden crystal protein

PRIMARY GRANULES

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Formed throughout remaining
maturation

Major Basic Protein,

secondary granules

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Round to somewhat lobulated nuclei
With slightly condensed chromatin.

immature basophils

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Lobulated nucleus often Obscured by its
granules.
The chromatin pattern, if visible, is
clumped.

mature basophils

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Bluish cytoplasm and contains blue-black secondary granules.

immature basophils

Usually colorless and contains numerous large blue-black granules

mature basophils

Slightly indented or folded ● Delicate chromatin patterns ● At least one apparent nucleolus ● No definite nuclear shape 12-18 um

promonocytes

Round, oval, kidney shaped, or deeply indented horse-shoe shaped (greatly varies in size) ● Loose chromatin patterns described as lace-like or stringy

MONOCYTES

Distinct feature: sponge-appearance in nucleus, loosely bound ○ With brain like convulsions

MONOCYTES

Bluish in color ● Scattered azure granules

promonocytes

Blue-gray in color ● Fine azure granules referred as “azure dustˮ or ground glass appearance ● Characterized by cytoplasmic pseudopods or blebs and vacuoles

MONOCYTES

Physiologic stress (exercise, acute emotional stress, exposure to heat and cold) ● Systemic or severe local infections ● Acute rheumatic fever ● Gout ● Exposure to epinephrine, lithium, histamine, heparin ● Usually encountered in bacterial infections

NEUTROPHILIA

Viral infections ● Exposure to radiation, cytotoxic drugs and benzene ● Liver disease ● Vitamin B12 deficiency

NEUTROPENIA

Whooping cough, brucellosis, syphilis ● Viral infections ● Hypoadrenalism ● Immune diseases

LYMPHOCYTOSIS

Low neutrophils because of high lymphocytes. ○ Usually encountered in viral infections.

transient neutropenia

Immunodeficiency syndromes ● Adrenal gland hyperactivity

lymphopenia

Allergic reactions Parasitism ● Neoplastic diseases Hodgkinʼs lymphoma) ● Hypoadrenalism ● High eosinophil

EOSINOPHILIA

Cushingʼs syndrome ● Labor and eclampsia ● After electric shock treatment

EOSINOPENIA

Tuberculosis ● Chronic bacterial infections ● Cancers, lymphomas and myeloproliferative disorders

MONOCYTOSIS

Increased levels of glucocorticoids

MONOPENIA

● Systemic mast cell disease ● Chronic hypersensitivity ● Hypothyroidism ● Ulcerative colitis ● Estrogen therapy ● Myeloproliferative disorders

BASOPHILIA

Acute infections ● Stress ● Hyperthyroidism ● Increased levels of glucocorticoids

BASOPENIA

About 13% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow and 13% of the nucleated peripheral blood leukocytes

EOSINOPHIL

About 1% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow and 02% of the nucleated peripheral blood leukocytes.

basophils

Production rate: 0.91.0 x 109 cells/kg per day ● Proliferation pool: 2.1 x 109 cells/kg ● Maturation pool: 5.6 x 109 cells/kg (good for 5 days supply.

NEUTROPHIL

Initiates the process of leukocyte adhesion in the lining of blood vessels

chemotaxis

leukopenia accompanied by lymphocytosis

VIRAL

leukocytosis accompanied by neutrophilia HIGH # OF NEUTROPHILS

bacterial

About 03% of nucleated cells in the bone marrow 14-20 um

MYELOBLASTS

About 15% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow 16-25 um

promyelocytes

About 617% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow 15-18 um

myelocytes

About 320% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow 14-18 um

metamyelocytes

About 9-32% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow and 0-5% of the nucleated peripheral blood cells

BANDS

About 730% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow and 5070% of the nucleated peripheral blood leukocytes

Segmented neutrophils

About 730% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow and 5070% of the nucleated peripheral blood leukocytes

Segmented neutrophils

Involved in the deletion of double positive thymocytes in newborns. Acts as antigen presenting cells APCs and promotes proliferation of effector T cells. Secretes cytokines that initiate either type 1 or 2 immune responses. Plays a role in acute and chronic allograft rejection

EOSINOPHILS

Regulate mast cell degranulation and survivability through MBP release. Anti-helminthic response through MBP and eosinophilic cationic proteins as well as reactive oxygen species.

EOSINOPHILS

granules move to the plasma membrane and fuse

classical exocytosis

granules fuse together within the eosinophil before fusing with plasma membrane

compound exocytosis

secretory vesicles remove specific proteins from the granules

piecemeal degranulation

extracellular deposited cell lysis

degranulation

● Release Th2 immune response by secreting cytokines such as IL4 and IL13. ● Induces B cells to synthesize IgE. ● Initiates allergic inflammation through release of preformed cytokines ● Plays a role in angiogenesis through the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and its receptors

BASOPHILS

Controls helminthic infections, together with eosinophils, by enclosing toxic egg products with granulomas and preventing tissue damage ● Play a non-redundant role in mediating acquired immunity against ticks

BASOPHILS

Responsible for histamine and heparin production

BASOPHILS

Effector cells in allergic reactions through IgE-dependent activation ● Plays a role in inflammatory processes ● Plays as APCs to induce differentiation of Th2 cells

MAST CELLS pag release th2 basophils plays as APC to induce th2 mast cells

Functions as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppression ● Act as immunologic “gatekeepersˮ because of their location in mucosal surfaces and role in barrier function

MAST CELLS

Mast cells are found in

mucous membranes

major cytokine responsible for mast cell maturation and differentiation.

KIT LIGAND

Largest Major phagocytic cell No storage pool

MONOCYTES

Arise from common lymphoid progenitor ● Differentiate into lymphocytic precursors ● Not the end cells (same with monocytes) ⟶ further develop into mature forms and differentiate ⟶ T cells, B cells, NK cells ○ Can be resting

LYMPHOCYTES

About 211% of circulating leukocytes in the peripheral blood ○ Production rate: 7 x 106 cells/kg ○ Promonocyte pool: 6 x 108 cells/kg per day ○ Life Span: 3 days

MONOCYTES

About 18-42% of circulating lymphocytes ○ Three major groups: T cells, B cells, and NK cells

LYMPHOCYTES

Recognition of bacterial pathogens through toll-like receptors ● Synthesize nitric oxide, which is cytotoxic against viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths and tumor cells ● Opsonin-dependent phagocytosis

INNATE IMUNITY

Functions as antigen-presenting cells ● Interact with and activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes to initiate immune response.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Removal of debris and dead cells at sites of infection or inflammation ● Destruction of senescent red cells and maintenance of storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis ● Synthesis of wide array of proteins like coagulation factors, IL and enzymes

HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS

response against intracellular pathogens

th1

defense against extracellular parasites

TH2

response against extracellular bacteria and fungi

th17

maintains self tolerance by regulating immune response

treg

Response to intracellular pathogens and tumors cells

t cytotoxic (CD8+)

Approximately about 429% of circulating lymphocytes WHAT CD MARKER

NK CELLS CD7

Kills virally infected cells and tumor surveillance ● Modulate functions of other cells including macrophages and T cells ● Small percentage of lymphocytes develop into _______ ○ Detectable through flow cytometry.

NK CELLS