Unit 1 Flashcards
What is Comparative Politics?
The study and comparison of political systems, institutions, processes, and behavior across different countries
Comparative politics seeks to understand how political systems operate and the factors that influence their development.
What is the Comparative Method?
A research approach used to compare political systems and phenomena to identify patterns and causal relationships
This method can involve case studies, cross-national comparisons, and the use of both qualitative and quantitative data.
Define Causation.
The relationship between cause and effect, where one event leads to the occurrence of another
Understanding causation is crucial for analyzing political events and outcomes.
Define Correlation.
A statistical relationship between two variables, indicating how they change together, but not necessarily implying causation
Correlation can be positive, negative, or zero, but it does not confirm that one variable causes the other.
What is an Empirical Statement?
A statement based on observable and measurable evidence
Empirical statements can be tested and verified through research and data collection.
What is a Normative Statement?
A statement that expresses a value judgment or opinion about what ought to be
Normative statements often reflect beliefs and ideologies rather than objective facts.
Define Quantitative Data.
Data that can be measured and expressed numerically
Quantitative data is often used in statistical analyses and can be aggregated to identify trends.
Define Qualitative Data.
Data that describes qualities or characteristics, often collected through interviews, observations, or open-ended surveys
Qualitative data provides depth and context to quantitative findings.
What is Source Analysis?
The evaluation of the origin, credibility, and relevance of information sources
Source analysis is critical in research to ensure the reliability of data and conclusions drawn.
What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic aspects of human development: health, education, and standard of living
HDI is used to assess the development levels of countries and compare them.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a specific period, usually annually
GDP is a key indicator of economic performance and growth.
What does GDP Per Capita represent?
The total GDP of a country divided by its population, indicating the average economic output per person
GDP per capita is often used to compare economic performance and living standards between countries.
What does GDP stand for?
Gross Domestic Product
GDP measures the economic performance of a country.
What is the Growth Rate Gird Index used for?
It measures the economic growth rates of countries over time.
What organization is associated with the Corruption Perceptions Index?
Transparency International
This index ranks countries by their perceived levels of corruption.
Define ‘Democratic Consolidation’.
The process through which a new democracy matures.
What is a ‘Strong State’?
A state capable of enforcing laws and maintaining order effectively.
What characterizes a ‘Failed State’?
A state that cannot provide basic government functions or services.
What does the Fragile States Index assess?
The vulnerability of states to collapse or conflict.
What is ‘Sovereignty’?
The authority of a state to govern itself.
What does ‘International Recognition’ refer to?
Acknowledgment by other states of a nation’s sovereignty.
What is a ‘Regime’?
A form of government or a set of rules governing a state.
What is ‘Regime Change’?
The replacement of one government regime with another.
Define ‘Coup’.
A sudden, illegal seizure of government power.
What is a ‘Revolution’?
A significant change in political power or organizational structures.
What does ‘Nationalism’ mean?
A political ideology centered on promoting a nation’s interests.
What is ‘Liberal Democracy’?
A political system characterized by fair elections and individual rights.
Define ‘Authoritarian State’.
A government that concentrates power in a leader or a small elite.
What is a ‘Totalitarian State’?
An extreme form of authoritarianism where the state seeks to control all aspects of life.
What does ‘illiberal/Flawed/Hybrid Democracy’ refer to?
A political system that combines elements of democracy with authoritarian practices.
What is ‘Rule of Law’?
The principle that all individuals and institutions are accountable under the law.
What is ‘Rule by Law’?
The use of law by those in power to maintain their authority.
Define ‘Transparency’.
The openness of government actions and decision-making processes.
What does ‘Democratization’ mean?
The transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one.
What is ‘Democratic Backsliding’?
The gradual decline in the quality of democracy.
What is the difference between ‘Power’ and ‘Authority’?
‘Power’ is the ability to influence or control others, while ‘Authority’ is the recognized right to do so.
What is Theocracy?
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a deity
Theocracy combines religious authority with political governance.
Define Coercion in a political context.
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats
Coercion can undermine legitimacy and political efficacy.
What is Political Efficacy?
The belief that one’s actions can influence political processes
It is a key factor in voter participation and civic engagement.
List the three types of legitimacy.
- Traditional Legitimacy
- Charismatic Legitimacy
- Rational-Legal Legitimacy
Each type of legitimacy derives authority from different sources.
What is Traditional Legitimacy?
Legitimacy derived from longstanding practices and customs
Often associated with monarchies and hereditary rule.
Define Charismatic Legitimacy.
Legitimacy based on the personal charm and appeal of a leader
Charismatic leaders often inspire loyalty and devotion.
What is Rational-Legal Legitimacy?
Legitimacy grounded in established laws and procedures
Common in modern democracies and bureaucratic systems.
What is a Unitary System?
A system of governance where power is centralized in a single national government
Local governments may exist but have limited power.
Define Federal System.
A system of governance where power is divided between a central government and regional governments
This allows for multiple levels of government with specific powers.
What does Devolution refer to?
The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments
Devolution can enhance local governance and responsiveness.
What is Patron-Clientelism?
A political system where goods and services are exchanged for political support
This system can create dependency and undermine democratic accountability.
Define Civil-Service System.
A system that ensures government positions are filled based on merit rather than political connections
This promotes professionalism and efficiency in government operations.
What is a Welfare State?
A government that provides for the social and economic well-being of its citizens
Welfare states typically offer health care, education, and social security.
What does Parliamentary Sovereignty mean?
The principle that Parliament has the supreme legal authority in the state
This means that Parliament can create or end any law without restrictions.
Define Asymmetrical Federalism.
A federal system where different regions have varying degrees of power and autonomy
This can lead to inequalities in governance and representation.
What is Sharia Law?
Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and Hadith
Sharia governs various aspects of life, including moral conduct and legal matters.
What is Dual Rule?
A governance system where two distinct authorities coexist and share power
This can lead to conflicts and complexities in governance.
What does the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) represent?
The ruling political party in China, founded in 1921
The CCP leads the state and society under a single-party system.
Define Communism.
A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society and collective ownership of the means of production
Communism seeks to eliminate private property to achieve equality.
