Unit 1 Flashcards
Tenochitlan
Center of the Aztec Empire
Cahokia
the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture
Zheng He
In the early 1400s, Zheng He led the largest ships in the world on seven voyages of exploration to the lands around the Indian Ocean, demonstrating Chinese excellence at shipbuilding and navigation.
Reconquista
a series of wars in Portugal and Spain to reclaim land taken by the Muslims.
Herman Cortes
led the conquest of Mexico. He is believed to have studied at the University of Salamanca
haciendas
a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life
Bartolome de las Casas
OP was a Spanish clergyman, writer, and activist best known for his work as an historian and social reformer. He arrived in Hispaniola as a layman, then became a Dominican friar.
St. Augustine, FL
The oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental United States, founded by the Spanish in 1565
Pueblo Revolt
killed over 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 Spanish settlers south toward Mexico.
indentured servants
agreements between two parties about long-term work.
New Amsterdam
a key port that facilitated commerce and trade between Europe and the colonies, enhancing economic growth in the region.
Jamestown
1st permanent British colony in the New World
John Smith
A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown.
tobacco
significantly shaped the economy of early American colonies by becoming a primary cash crop that drove exports to Europe.
Puritans
English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough.
Plymouth Colony
one of the earliest successful English colonies in North America,
John Winthrop
an English Puritan who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Rhode Island
known for its thriving maritime economy and became a hub for trade and shipbuilding
Pequot War
the first war in the New England area between English colonists and Native American Indians.
English Civil War
Civil War that was waged in England between the supporters of Charles I and the Puritan dominated Parliament.
Aztec
members of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.
Great League of Peace
!he nations that make up the Confederacy called themselves “Haudenosaunee,” meaning “people of the longhouses.
caravel
a type of small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century, primarily used by European explorers during the Age of Discovery
John Cabot
Italian explorer who led the English expedition (giving England claim to the land) in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages
mestizos
individuals of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, often emerging as a distinct social group in the colonial societies of Latin America.
Black Legend
Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit.
middle ground
A borderland, a place where numerous peoples and cultures coexist.
Roanoke Colony (Lost Colony)
an attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The colony was founded in 1585, but when it was visited by a ship in 1590, the colonists had inexplicably disappeared.
Headright System
a grant of land, usually fifty acres per immigrant sponsored, given to landowners throughout the thirteen colonies
Maryland
home to the first railroad, the first dental school and the first umbrella factory
Separatists
The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed
Mayflower Compact
a legal instrument that bound the Pilgrims together when they arrived in New England
Half-Way Covenant
A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the “elect” members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.
the Levellers
First democratic political movement which proposed a written constitution named the Agreement of the People that proposed the abolishing of the monarchy and house of lords and the consequential expansion of the right to vote. Provided the seeds for the modern def. of freedom (universal equality vs. social class)
mound builders
are Native Americans who build mounds across the Mississippi river and Appalachia mts.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who attempted to find a westward route to Asia under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; first European to discover the New World
conquistadores
Spanish explorers who traveled to the New World with the purpose of conquering and claiming the land for Spain.
creoles
White immigrants of French descent that owned black slaves in the lower Mississippi area on plantations similar to those in the southern colonies of English America.
Virgin of Guadalupe
because she freed the people from idolatry and reconciled the Spanish and Indigenous peoples in a common devotion.
Hernando de Soto
a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, and the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River.
Sante Fe, NM
Spanish outpost in New Mexico
New France
a colony established by the French in Canada, most notably in Quebec in 1608
Henry Hudson
helped with the first European explorations of the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America.
Virginia Company
a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.
enclosure movement
a significant process in England during the 18th and early 19th centuries where common land was privatized and consolidated into individually owned plots.
House of Burgesses
the first legislative body in colonial America.
proprietary colony
Maryland and Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king. Unlike the French and Spanish colonists, the English brought a tradition of representative government.
Pilgrims
form of puritan (separatists) who wanted to break away from the church of England completely.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area
Roger Williams
a Separatist leader and the founder of the colony of Providence Plantations,
Anna Hutchinson
challenged gender roles and church authority. Although she lived in a Puritan community, she didn’t rely on ministers to help her form her opinions and make decisions. Her actions contributed to ideas of separation of church and state found in the U.S. Constitution
English liberty
The English idea that the English king was subject to the rule of law and that all free persons should enjoy security of person and property
King Philips’s War
a final attempt to drive out the colonists.
Iroquois Confederacy
league made up of six distinct Native American Indian nations that spoke the same language
Pennslyvania
one of the original thirteen colonies, founded in 1681 by William Penn as a place of religious freedom and tolerance for Quakers.
Glorious Revolution
The bloodless overthrowing of King James the Second by William of Orange.
English Bill of Rights
A act passed by the Parliament of England that set out certain rights of the subjects and clarified the limits of royal power, establishing the principle that the monarchy could not rule without consent from Parliament.
liberty of conscience
It covers all ethics and values a human being cherishes, whether of religious nature or not
women and the household economy
Women were in charge of domestic activities at home
Middle Passage
The middle passage of the Atlantic Slave Trade carried recently-enslaved men, women, and children from the west coast of Africa to the colonies in the Americas.
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a “social contract” in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people;
mercantilism
Economic system where a nation’s power is tied to its wealth, emphasizing exports and favorable trade balances to enrich the mother country.
William Penn
an English Quaker and the founder of Pennsylvania
Plantation slavery
The plantation system relied on enslaved individuals to cultivate these crops, which were then exported for profit.
Dominion of New England
he British government under King James II combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor- James II’s attempt to tighten royal control of colonies by creating a new political entity.
Atlantic World
a historical construct that defines how four landmasses that border the Atlantic Ocean—Africa, Europe, North America, and South America (including the Caribbean and Central America)
James Oglethorpe
The man that brought settlers to Georgia to start a new life
yeoman farmers
Yeoman farmers were small-scale farmers who owned their land and worked it primarily with the help of their families.
Navigation Acts
a series of laws that controlled trade and shipping between Great Britain and the American Colonies.
Quakers and “inner light”
he connotation of a transcendent power (as a euphemism for Christ or God) or with the connotation of immanent intentionality (which others might understand as prayer).
Bacon’s Rebellion
The rebellion ended abruptly when Bacon died of dysentery in the fall of 1676.
Edmund Andros
a colonial administrator who served as the governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 to 1689
Salem Witch Trials
showed how mass hysteria, fear, and superstition, led to wrongful arrests, unfair trials, and tragic executions of 20 innocent people
staple crops
Staple crops were typically crops that were easy to grow and provided a reliable source of food for the colonists, such as wheat, corn, and rice. These crops were grown throughout the colonies and were a key part of the colonial economy, as they provided the basic necessities for life.
triangular trade
emerged as a result of mercantilism. In this international system, the Americas would send raw materials to Europe and Africa, Europe supplied Africa and America with finished goods, and Africa captured and transported slaves to the americas
Atlantic slave trade
a business in which the commodity was African men, women, and children
Stono Rebellion
the largest slave revolt in the British colonies
