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Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1. Levels of organisation

What are the three levels of organisation?

- group together to form -, that group together to form -, …

A

Atoms, cells, tissues, organs, systems

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2
Q

1. Levels of organisation

What do atoms form?

Not cells

A

Biomolecules and other substances

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3
Q

1. Levels of organisation

Name four organic biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

1. Levels of organisation

Name two inorganic substances

A

Water and minerals

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5
Q

2.1. Plasma membrane

Define plasma membrane

A

It’s a thin layer that surrounds the cell and exchanges substances with it’s enviroment

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6
Q

2.1. Plasma membrane

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

To protect the cell, to detect changes in the enviroment and to regulate the exchange of substances

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7
Q

2.2. The nucleus

Define nucleus

A

It’s a spherical structure that contains the genetic material (DNA)

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8
Q

2.2. The nucleous

Define chromatin

A

Network of the DNA fibres and proteins that roll up when the cell divides and become compacted, forming chromosomes

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9
Q

2.2. The nucleous

What are chromosomes?

A

Condensed chromatin that appear when the cell divides

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10
Q

2.3. The cytoplasm

Define cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm is formed from a thick, aqueus liquid called cytosol. It contains the cell organelles.

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11
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membranous and non-membranous

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12
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of centrioles?

A

They direct the movement of the cytoskeleton and the chromosomes during the cell divison

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13
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To synthesise proteins

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14
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

To hold up the organelles in place and to give shape to the cell

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15
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To obtain energy for the cell thrugh cellular respiration

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16
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of vesicles?

A

To transport or store substances

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17
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein or lipid synthesis

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18
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

To modify the substances that are synthesised in the ER and transport them outside the cell by vesicles

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19
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

To digest the particles captured by tthe cell

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20
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

Name all the membranous organelles

A

Mitochondria, vesicles, ER, golgi apparatus and lysosomes

21
Q

2.4. The cell organelles

Name all the non-membranous organelles

A

Centrioles, ribosomes and cytoskeleton

22
Q

3. Cell differenciaton

What is cell differenciation?

A

It’s a combination of changes to the shape and structure of a cell wich allow it to specialise in a specific function.

23
Q

4. Human tissues

What is a tissue?

A

It’s a group of cells with a similar shape and structure and wich specialise on carriyng out a function.

24
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the four different types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

25
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the two kinds of epithelial tissues?

A

Covering and lining and glandular

26
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the two types of covering and lining tissues?

A

Simple and stratified

27
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the three types of simple covering and livin tissues?

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

28
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A

To line organs and to act as a protective barrier

29
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the two types of stratified tissues?

A

Horizontal and vertical

30
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the functions of the glandular tissues?

A

To produce substances and secret them

31
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the two components of the connective tissues?

A

Cells and matrix

32
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the five types of connective tissues?

A

Recular connective, addipose, cartilagenous, oseus and blood

33
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristic of reticular connective tissues?

A

Contain fibres and matrix gel-like.

34
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of addipose tissues?

A

Low levels of intercellular substance

35
Q

4. Human tissues

Whata re the characteristics of cartilogenous tissue?

A

Solid and elactic matrix

36
Q

4. Human tissue

What are the characteristics of oseus tissue?

A

Bone cells surounded by a solid matrix in a radiocentric way

37
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of blood tissues?

A

You can see: White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets surrounded by a liquid matrix called plasma.

38
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of muscle tissues?

A

They are made up of elongaed cells.

39
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal striated, cardiac striated and smooth

40
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of sketeltal striated tissues?

A

Forms muscles of the locomotor system. There are several nuclei in the cell.

41
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of cardiac striated tissues?

A

They form the walls of the heart. The cells only have one nucleus and it contracts involuntatily.

42
Q

4. Human tissues

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissues?

A

They’re found in the walls of various organs. It contracts involuntarily. The cells only have one nucleus.

43
Q

4. Human tissues

What do nervous tissues consist on?

A

Neurons that specilise in collecting and transmiting information and glial cells that are responsible of neuron nutrition, defence and support.

44
Q

5. Organs and systems

What are the organs of the human bosy made of?

A

They’re made up of several tissues that work togetehr to perform an specific funcion.

45
Q

5.2 Systems

What are systems?

A

Systems are groups of organs that work together to perfonrm a shared activity.

46
Q

5.2 Systems

What systems perform the nutrition function?

A

Digestive, excretory, circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory

47
Q

5.2 Systems

What systems perform the interaction function?

A

Nervous, eskeletal, muscular and endocrine

48
Q

5.2 Systems

What systems perform the resproduction function?

A

Female and male reproductive systems

Biology (3 decks)

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