Unit 1 Flashcards
What is the musculo-skeletal system?
The musculo-skeletal system is a system made up of the joints, bones and skeletal muscles of body working together to create mainly movement but also work to provide stability, posture and protection.
What are the functions of skeleton for sports?
Bones protect your vital organs, give muscles somewhere to attach, create joints so that you can move and store important minerals.
What is the muscles’ importance in sports?
People need muscular strength and muscular endurance to be good at sport.
Describe bone growth and development:
Bone growth begins in the centre of each bone: Growth takes place upwards, downwards and around the central marrow cavity, then secondary growth appears at both ends. Cartilage remains between the areas until bone growth is completed.
How are bones classified?
Bones come in many shapes and sizes but most can be put into groups that have something in common.
- Flat bones: Usually protect organs e.g. cranium, ribs
- Long bones: Bones that are longer than wide e.g. femur, radius
- Short bones: Similar size length, width and thickness e.g. carpals, tersals
- Irregular bones - Have odd shapes e.g. vertebrae
The vertebral column:
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones which are divided into five groups:
- 7 in the cervical region which form the neck
- 12 in the chest, 10 of which raise a pair of ribs when you breath
- 5 in the lower back where the discs between the vertebrae are relatively large to give more mobility
- 5 in the sacrum
- 4 in the coccyx
What is a joint?
A joint is a place where two or more bones meet.
How are joints classified?
- Pivot: wrist, elbow, neck
- Hinge: knee, elbow, ankle
- Ball and socket: hip, shoulder
- Condyloid: wrist
Joints and movements:
Types of movements:
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- rotation/circumduction
- plantar-/dorsi - flexion
Why are joints important?
They allow movement and rotation
What is the function of the bone marrow?
Bone marrow makes most of the blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Terms:
Tendons
Cartillage
Ligaments
Tendons: non-elastic fibrous tissue that join bone to muscle
Cartilage: A firm connective tissue that connects bones
Ligaments: elastic fibres that join one bone to another
More terms
Somatotype: body shape
Antagonistic pair of muscles: muscles that work together to create movement e.g. bicep + tricep
Terms (cardiovascular)
Arteries: take blood away from the heart loaded with O2
Veins: return blood to the heart carrying CO2
Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels linking arteries with veins
Red blood cells: carry O2 and CO2
White blood cells: fight illness
Platelets: clot blood
Anaerobic/aerobic exercise
Anaerobic: exercising without enough oxygen for energy production
Aerobic: exercising with the right amount of oxygen for energy production
O2 debt: The amount of oxygen needed after exercise to break down lactic acid.
Muscle Types
Voluntary: can control it e.g. biceps, triceps
Involuntary: cannot control it e.g. vascular
Cardiac: special heart muscle
Muscle fibres
slow twitch: good for endurance (type 1)
fast twitch: good for speed (type 2, (2a, 2x))
What is cardio-respiratory system:
The interaction of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles during exercise.
Function of the cardio-respiratory system
- Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Clots blood
- Regulates body temperature
Structure of the heart
atria, ventricles, valves
Respiratory system
Vital capacity: most air that can be forced in and out of the lungs
Tidal volume: amount of air inspired and expired in normal breath
Aerobic exercise
energy source –> fat
- uses oxygen
- usual work rate, moderate intensity
- glucose + oxygen –> energy + carbon dioxide + water
Anaerobic exercise
energy source –> mostly carbohydrates
- does not use oxygen
- high work rate, high intensity
- glucose –> energy + lactic acid
