unit 1 Flashcards
cycles
individual
one organism
population
group of individuals of same species
community
all living organisms in an area
ecosystem
all living and non-living things in an area
Biome
large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there
list types of interactions
competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism
competition
organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits population size (- -)
predation
one organism using another for energy source (hunters, parasites, even herbivores) ( + -)
mutualism
relationship that benefits both organisms (coral reef) (+ +)
commensalism
relationship that benefits one organism and doesn’t impact the other (birds nest’s in trees) (+ 0)
herbivores
plant eaters
true predators
carnivores kill and eat prey for energy
parasites
use a host organism for energy, often without killing the host and often living inside host
parastoids
lay eggs inside a host organism; the eggs hatch a larve eat the host for energy
symbiosis
any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of different species (ex: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism)
resource partitioning
different species using the same resource in different ways to reduce competition
temporal partitioning
using resource @ different times, such as wolves and coyotes hunting @ different times of the day/night
spatial partitioning
using different areas of a shared habitat
morphological partitioning
using different resources based on different evolved body features
primary productivity
rate that solar energy is converted into org. compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time (amount of plant growth) (rate of photosynthesis)
high primary productivity
high plant growth, happens when there’s a lot of food and shelter for animals, higher biodiversity
respiration loss RL
plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cell respiration
Gross primary productivity GPP
the total amount of sun energy (light) that plants capture and convert to energy (glucose) through photosynthesis
Net primary productivity NPP
the amount of energy (biomass) leftover for consumers after plants have used some for respiration
Biome examples
rain forest, taiga, temperate forest, deciduous forest, tundra, desert, grasslands, savanna
nutrient availability
plants need soil nutrients to grow, so availability determines which plants can survive in a biome
tropical rain forest nutrient availability
nutrient-poor soil, this leads to high competition from so many different plant species
boreal forest nutrient availability
nutrient-poor soil (low temperature and low decomposition rate of dead organisms matter)
temperate forest nutrient availability
nutrient-rich soil (lots of dead org. matter, leaves and warm temperature/moisture for decomposition)
shifting biomes
biomes shift in location on earth as climate changes
ex: warming climate will shift boreal forests further north as tundra permafrost soil melts and lower latitudes become too warm for aspen and spruce
law 1 of thermodynamics
energy/matter is never created nor destroyed
law 2 thermodynamics
each time energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat (applied to food webs, as you move up trophic level the energy decreases) (10% rule)
10% rule
as you move up the food chain/web only 10% of the energy is transferable, the other 90% is lost due to heat
primary producers
plants
primary consumer
animals that eat plants (herbivores)
secondary consumers
animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores
tertiary consumers
animals that eat secondary consumers or carnivores/omnivores
