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Bio 20-1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

carbon + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

Chemosynthesis

A
  • organisms that live in harsh environments that cannot perform photosynthesis
  • in deep sea vents, specialized bacteria split hydrogen sulfide molecules -> chemical that provides energy
  • live in cold ocean, hot springs, deep caves, salty lakes
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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders/producers: uses suns energy to feed themselves

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Other feeders: consume other organisms for energy

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5
Q

Consumers

A

Must feed on producers, they cannot capture sun’s energy directly
- deer, moose, rabbit

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6
Q

Secondary consumers

A

carnivores, eat mainly herbivores
- fox, lynx, fish

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7
Q

tertiary consumers

A

feed on other carnivores
- wolf, polar bear, whale

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8
Q

decomposers

A

Consume the dead matter of once living matter, breaks it down, and puts the nutrients back into the earth
- worms, beetles, bacteria

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9
Q

1st Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, can only be converted from one form to another

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10
Q

2nd Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is always lost to the surroundings as heat with every conversion

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11
Q

Rule of 10

A

10% of energy that is present in one level is passed on to the next
- Limits number of trophic levels

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12
Q

Trophic levels

A
  • 1st
    -2nd, primary consumers
    -3rd, secondary consumers
    -4th, tertiary consumers
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13
Q

Food chain

A

linear pathway, who eats who

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14
Q

food webs

A

show how organisms interact, connections between different food chains

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15
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

represents number of organisms that occupy each trophic level

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16
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

dry mass of organisms per unit of area

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17
Q

pyramid of energy

A

amount of energy that is transferred through each trophic level

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18
Q

disadvantages of pyramids

A
  • can be inverted -> large number of primary consumers feeding on single producer
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19
Q

calorimetry

A

sample of material is burned to determine how much energy it contains
- very time consuming and complex

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20
Q

Hydrological cycle

A
  • evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration
  • water vapor is greenhouse gas (h20, co2,o3) that traps heat in atmosphere
  • water is universal solvent -> polar and has hydrogen bonding
  • has a high bp (100) and mp (0)
  • high specific heat capacity -> takes more energy to heat up water, holds temp. longer
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21
Q

adhesion

A

water molecules attracted to other surfaces

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22
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to other water molecules
- responsible for surface tension

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23
Q

sources of carbon dioxide

A
  • forest fires/burning of fossil fuels
  • breakdown of matter by decomposers
  • cellular respiration
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24
Q

carbon sinks

A

reservoirs that absorb more carbon dioxide than they emit
- forests
- oceans -> biggest carbon sink

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25
Q

Rapid cycling

A

fast
- carbon cycle ex. forest fire

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26
Q

slow cycling

A

slow
- fossil fuel deposits
-weathering

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27
Q

greenhouse effect

A
  • trap heat in atmosphere
  • allows life on earth to exist, would be too cold without it
  • humans are beginning to burn more fossil fuels, greenhouse emissions have increased earths temp.
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28
Q

problems with more co2

A
  • sea level rising
  • melting snow caps
  • unpredictable weather
  • habitat destruction
  • health problems
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29
Q

Sulfur cycle

A
  • organisms require sulfur for proteins and vitamins
  • air: decomposition, human activities, volcanic off-gassing release sulfur into atmosphere -> snow/rain return sulfur to earth’s surface
  • water: water soluble form of sulfur = sulfate
  • soil: decomposers return sulfur to soil as hydrogen sulfide
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30
Q

natural sources of sulfur

A
  • weathering
  • volcanic activity
  • fossil fuel reserves
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31
Q

man-made sources of sulfur

A
  • combustion of fossil fuels (driving car, heating homes, etc.)
  • processing of nitrogen fertilizers
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32
Q

acid deposition

A
  • sulfate combines with water vapor to form h2so4 (bad) and returns to earth in forms of precipitation
  • acidifies lakes, rivers, and makes soil to acidic to grow some plants
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33
Q

ways to reduce acid deposition

A
  • scrubber
  • catalytic converter
  • electric engine
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34
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

bacteria and lightning convert n2 to nh4 (ammonium)

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35
Q

ammonification

A

bacteria convert ammonium (nh4) into nitrite (no2-) and (no3-)

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36
Q

denitrification

A

bacteria convert nitrite (no2- or no3-) back to nitrogen gas (n2)

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37
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A
  • found in lumps in bumps called nodules
  • bacteria provides plant with usable nitrogen, plant provides bacteria with sugar to make nitrates
  • the plants, legumes, have more nitrates so some leach into soil for other plants to use
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38
Q

phosphorous cycle

A
  • only cycle with no gas phase, found in soil and water (doesn’t cycle through atmosphere)
  • key component in teeth, dna, bones
  • rapid: decomposers
  • long term: bedrock of water as phosphate
  • phosphates enter food chain through photosynthetic organisms
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39
Q

algal bloom

A

overgrowth of algae in aquatic environments, excess of phosphates
- organic matter use up more oxygen -> death of fish and aquatic life

40
Q

species

A

organisms that can breed with one another to produce fertile offspring

41
Q

population

A

group of same species living in a specific area at the same time
ex. gophers on canal

42
Q

community

A

individuals of interacting populations in an area (many species)
ex. spiders at kinsmen

43
Q

ecosystem

A

community of populations together with biotic and abiotic factors

44
Q

aristotle

A
  • made two kingdoms: plantae, animalia
45
Q

haeckel

A

made another kingdom: protista

46
Q

taxonomy

A

classifying living things

47
Q

linnaeus

A
  • father of taxonomy
  • subdivided the kingdoms
48
Q

the subdivisions of the kingdoms

A

life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

49
Q

the 3 domains

A
  • bacteria: true bacteria, prokaryotes
  • archaea: live in harsh environments (extremeophiles)
  • eukarya: complex cells, has nucleus and membrane bound structures
    ex. humans
50
Q

archaea and bacteria

A

single celled organisms without nucleus, wide range of habitats

51
Q

protista

A

unicellular and multicellular, some photosynthesize, some heterotrophs, some decomposers, include algae and protozoans, various niches

52
Q

fungi

A

secrete digestive enzymes onto food source and absorb released molecules
ex. mushrooms, molds, yeasts

53
Q

plantae

A

photosynthesis, sessile, multicellular
ex. trees, plants, ferns

54
Q

animalia

A

complex specialized cells
ex. humans, bears, kangaroos

55
Q

binomial nomenclature

A
  • Linnaeus
  • two name system -> genus and species
  • in Latin, universal scientific name
56
Q

why is there an uneven distribution of life on earth

A
  • earth has unequal heating
  • leads to different air and water patterns
  • soil, topography, altitude, latitude, and temp determine types of organisms in an area
57
Q

summer solstice

A

longest day of the year with the most sun

58
Q

winter solstice

A

shortest day with the least sun

59
Q

fall equinox

A

equal amount of sun

60
Q

mixed forests

A

have more species of diversity

61
Q

pure stand forests

A

same species of trees

62
Q

abiotic limiting factors

A

plants: soil type, moisture, humidity, temperature
- general: water, sunlight, soil, shelter, breeding sites

63
Q

biotic factors

A
  • resource competition: food, intraspecific competition (between 1 species), interspecific (between 2+ species), births drop, deaths increase
  • predation: predator eats prey
  • parasitism: parasite takes nourishment from host and host is harmed but not killed
64
Q

adaptations

A

structure, behavior, physiological process that helps organisms survive and reproduce in certain environment
ex. camouflage, talons, hibernation

65
Q

structural adaptations

A

wings to fly, webbed feet, hollow bones

66
Q

behavioral adaptations

A

migration, hibernation, nocturnal

67
Q

physiological adaptions

A

pheromones: biological perfume used to attract a mate

68
Q

variation

A

differences that help an individual survive to reproduce

69
Q

mutations

A
  • changes to genetic information
  • may result in new characteristics
  • occurs in somatic cell: dies with indivdual
  • occurs in sex cell: may be passed on to further generations
  • can lead to many combos at fertilization
70
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • lead to increased variation
  • mutations can occur
71
Q

plato and aristotle

A

life exists in a perfect and unchanging form

72
Q

buffon

A
  • similarities between humans and apes
  • founder of biogeography
  • believe earth was over 6000 years old
73
Q

cuvier

A
  • paleontology: layers contained different fossils
  • earth suffered catastrophic events leading to extinction
74
Q

lyell

A
  • geological changes are slow and continuous, occur over long periods of time
75
Q

lamark

A

3 ideas: spontaneous generation, organisms strive for perfection, inheritance of acquired characteristics

76
Q

malthus

A
  • populations had too many babies
  • populations are reduced by starvation and disease
77
Q

darwin and wallace

A
  • traits that helped organisms survive would be passed to offspring
  • competition would select individuals with favorable traits
78
Q

evolution

A

change in a population over a long time

79
Q

Darwins 2 main ideas

A
  1. life forms have arisen from decent and modification from ancestral species
  2. mechanism for change is natural selection
80
Q

overpopulation

A

organisms have too many babies

81
Q

struggle for existence

A

competition ex. food, shelter, mates

82
Q

variation

A

differences

83
Q

survival of the fittest

A

best adapted organisms survives and reproduces

84
Q

speciation

A

over time if an organism occupies a new niche it can be considered a new species

85
Q

fossil record

A

sedimentary rock containing the remains of organisms

86
Q

transitional fossils

A

links between layers

87
Q

biogeography

A

study of past and present geological distribution of organisms
- animals found on islands often resemble animals on closest continent

88
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structure, different function
ex. legs, arms

89
Q

analogous structures

A

different structure, similar function
ex. wings

90
Q

embryology

A

the development of unborn babies, similar stages of embryonic development

91
Q

molecular biology

A
  • enzymes control biochemical reactions
  • proteins are synthesized from amino acids
  • all cells have membranes
  • replicating cells contain dna
92
Q

speciation

A
  1. accumulated change in a population over a long time due to mutations and changing environment
  2. divergence: one species diverges from another
93
Q

geographic barriers

A
  • mountains, rivers, lakes, highways prevents species from interbreeding
  • isolation must be maintained so that new species are reproductively incompatible
94
Q

biological barriers

A
  • behavioral signals: spiders pheromones, fireflies blinking patterns
  • temporal: species breed at different times of day or year
  • different habitat: ex. breeding in land and water
95
Q

models of change

A
  1. adaptive radiation: diversification of ancestral species into variety of species which are differently adapted
  2. phylogenic tree: shows ancestral origins of organisms
96
Q

gradualism

A

gradual change occurs slowly in linear fashion, fossil record does not support this

97
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

periods of equilibrium punctuated with periods of speciation

Bio 20-1 (1 decks)

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