unit 1 Flashcards
assumption about what causes behavior
if people behave there must be a reason
positive motivation approach
goal, want, incentive, need
negative motivation approach
avoidance, dear, anxiety
negative motivation is ___ for changing behavior but ____ for disrupting
bad, good
concept of motivation
when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
motivation helps explain __ and __ in behavior
intensity, persistance
motivation is inferred or observed
inferred
motivation is characterized by
activation (energy), direction (goal)
categories of analysis
relationship between people n the social network
nomothetic or idiographic
norm or individual
innate vs acquired
born or learned
levels of analysis in the social sciences
physical, biological, psychological, behavioral, dyadic, triadic, cultural, societal, temporal
levels of analysis
physiological, individual, social, philosophical
major constructs in motivation
energy, physiological mechanisms, learning, social interaction, cognitive processes, activation of motivation, homeostasis, hedonism, growth motivation
philosophical roots of motivation theory: Aristotle
table rosa (free will vs determinism)
determinism/free will
Aristotle
wanting to do something vs being able to
philosophical roots of motivation theory: descant
dualism
free rational soul vs automatic non-rational process of the body
philosophical roots of motivation theory: locke
sensation-based thinking vs reflection and association
physiological roots of motivation theory
sensory and motor nerves, specific nerve engines, electrical nature of the nerve impulse, localization of function
evolution and motivation
life, mitosis, meiosis, sex, higher motives
evolution
natural selection, sexual selection, female vs male sexual strategies, mate selection, instincts, emotions, thoughts, behavior
basic themes in motivation theory
attempt to adapt, arouses and energizes, governs and directs, persistence, role of feelings, individual differences, self-regulating, free will
ARAS
arousal, vigilance, sleep, focus, attention, regulation
TPS
awareness, sorting, assigning, choosing, responding
limbic system
amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
amygdala
fight or flight
hypothalamus
primary drives, growth, calmness
hippocampus
immediate memory, emotions and values
cortex
long term memory, analysis, rationality, logic
DRAS
responding, coordinating, integrating, activity, behavior
nominal fallacy
labeling
William James instincts
reflex, motive, impulse, tendency to act, changes through experience, variability due to habit and transitory nature
William mcdougall
instinct-cognitive + affective + cognitive (striving +/-)
teleological, altered
instincts are altered
activated by trigger or the idea of trigger, generalized environmentally, multi-instincts triggered simultaneously, specific to particular environments
anthropomorphism
generalizing from ones situation as a human to other animals
classical ethology
evolution, development and function of behavior
Lorenz and tinbergen
observing behavior in the natural setting, consummatory and appetitive behavior, key stimuli, fixed action pattern
fixed action pattern
stereotyped, independent of immediate external control, FAP vs taxes are responsive to external control, spontaneous, independent of learning
social releasers
intention movement, ritualization
motivational conflict
conflict behavior, successive ambient behavior, simultaneous ambivalent behavior, redirected behavior, ethological displacement
imprinting
sensitive period, permanent, irreversible
modern ethology
open vs closed, preparedness, facial expression, shyness, neoteny, sexual behavior, staring, speech, aggression
types of aggression
inter (group), intra (leader), predatory, mob, male (testosterone), young
defining arousal
activation of the brain and body
arousal activations
increased electrical activity, HR, blood flow redirected to brain and muscle, muscle tone increase, body make use of stored chemicals to process information, plan, expend physical energy
brainstem is responsible for
consciousness
senses stimulate the
ARAS/DRAS which in turn activates the brain
without arousal from the ARAS/DRAS the rest of the brain
will not respond
arousal can be measured through
EEG
increase in activity produces waves of ____ frequency but ____ amplitude
increased, decreased
autonomic NS triggered by
various stimuli through the limbic system
hypothalamus triggers
ANS, endocrine
adrenal medulla
epinephrine/adrenaline
ANS
sympathetic system
low and high arousal is related to
negative or neutral effect
moderate arousal is related to
positive effect
since we seek positive affect, we tend to work best at ___ arousal
moderate
under certain circumstances, high arousal can be related to
positive affect
arousal and performance relationship is described by a
U shape curve
humans are ___ to low levels of stimulation
averse
individuals in low levels of stimulation appear to
produce internal stimulation to compensate
longterm effet of sensory deprivation
intellectual deficits
anxiety
chronically high arousal is aversive
other symptoms of anxiety
intellectual impairment, poor learning, poor concentration
anxious individuals tend to be ___ reactive to other stimuli
over
kagan
inhibited, uninhibited children
eysenck
introversion, extraversion, neuroticism
gray
behavioral inhibition system which incorporates IN+ and EN=
Barlow
anxiety apprehension model
sensory overload
epinephrine vs seretonin
raphe nuclei
decrease in arousal
locus coeruleus
increase in arousal
GABA
volume switch
does sensory input increase arousal
no
dealing with sensory overload
restrict sensory input, setting priorities, managing information
state arousal
cognitive dissonance
state of arousal that stems from new information that contradicts an existing view
state arousal leads to
psychological discomfort
state arousal creates
tension or drive state
state arousal may or may not lead to
attitudinal shift to reduce discomfort
dissonance interferes with
new, difficult tasks, but may facilitate over learned tasks
stress arousal can negatively affect
performance
biological effects of stress can negatively affect
immune systems
stress can lead to
self-preoccupying intrusive thinking (distracti0on)
achievement is related to
work and mastery, not competitive arousal
states of consciousness
wakefulness, alertness, sleep, dreams
sleep is essential to proper functioning of
metabolism, blood pressure, glucose levels, insulin, testosterone, memory, mood regulation, thinking, creativity, development
sleep allows for the replenishing of
physiological and psychological functioning
replenishing of glycogen ro the brain
patterns of brain electrical activity in sleep include
REM, NREM
REM occurs
every 90 mins
REM patterns increase in length as
sleep progresses
during REM, blood flow ____, metabolism _____, ___nerve firing, kidneys _____
increase 40%, increase, spontaneous, produce less urine in higher concentrations
environmental arousal on sleep
environment can affect ability to fall asleep
lack of environmental stimulation can ___ sleep
facilitate
environmental stimulation can ____ with sleep
interfere
other factors affecting sleep
individual differences, sleep deprivation, half day cycle, relationships between basic rest/activity cycle and REM, left brain/right brain cycle
effects of sleep loss
making up for different types of lost sleep
consistent sleep loss cannot be made up in one night
lapsing, uneven performance
cognitive slowing
memory problems
vigilance decrements and habituation
optimum response shift
effects of sleep deprivation
sleep apnea, paradoxical effects on depression
ellman’s theory of REM
intracranial self-stimulation
when awake, environment provides stimulation
when asleep, self-reflection is suspended and vivid internal experience are created
keeps the brain in a state of motivated readiness
vogels motivation theory of REM
increased neural activity and excitability renders to the person ready to respond when awake
REM characterized by increase in activity
if REM takes up too much energy, a person will have little interest in environmental stimuli when we wake
antidepressants decrease REM
neural reorganization
transfer of information from immediate to long term memory
early sleep assists ___ learning
declarative
late sleep assists ____ learning
procedural
dissipation of stress and emotional loading based on
cholinergic system
neural reorganization facilitates
divergent thinking
Hobsons model of dreams
shutting down of the aminergic system
hallucinations, delusions, distortion of time, place, person, intensifications of emotions, failure of memory
freud meaning of dreams
symbolic view of life
Hobson meaning of dreams
transparent and unedited
crick and mitchison meaning of dreams
meaningless
Cartwright meaning of dreams
information processing
Kramer meaning of dreams
assimilation and accommodation
Hartman meaning of dreams
extends processing of emotional issues and provides more neural connections to manage stress
insomnia
failure to sleep
drug related insomnia
GABA, stimulants
non-drug related insomnia
situational, benign, arrhythmic, sleep anomalies
sleep anomalies
narcolepsy, sleep walking, night terrors
epinephrine is in the ___ and adrenaline is in the ____
synapse
blood stream
with adrenaline come ___ in stress
cortisol
long periods of stress lead to
increased cortisol, attacks immune system
states of consciousness are managed by
ARAS, DRAS
open focus meditation
can replicate sleep and cycles
sleep apnea is a secondary condition because
it comes from a pulmonary disease, that affects sleep
situational insomnia
environmental
benign insomnia
self defined
arrhythmic insomnia
irregular sleep patterns
night terrors most common in
children
when is the most dangerous time for a heart attack
an hour before waking up
an hour before we wake up is when
we produce more epinephrine and adrenaline
limbic system is REM or NREM
NREM
visual cortex is REM and NREM
REM
circadian rhythm
25 hour daily clock
rise and fall of ____ cause sleep and wakefulness
epinephrine
hypothalamus controls the ____ which controls the level of ____
adrenal gland
adrenaline
human sexual arousal is a ___ event
sensory
both male and female sexual arousal is driven by
testosterone
tactile stage includes
initial touching through intercourse
differences in men and women with sexuality is due to
learning and cognition
sexual maturity involves
refocusing a persons sexual pleasure and learning to enjoy sharing sexual experiences with another
men and women differ in the attribution to the meaning of sex
men: something you do because you like it
women: liking or loving someone, emotional attachment
evolutionary perspective of sex
survival
hormones with attraction, passion, love
epinephrine, dopamine, endorphins, oxytocin
female mating strategies
security
male mating strategies
reproduction
falling in love depends on
out cognitive set
sexual arousal
as a facilitator of attraction
depends on how the person feels
intimacy
sense of closeness
commitment
sense of continuation and responsibilities
interactions between ___, ___ and ___ make a relationship work
arousal, intimacy, commitment
biological differences between men and women: sex hormones in differing amounts ___, ____, ____
androgen, progestins, estrogen
____ is the master gland that governs the release of hormones
pituitary
___ govern the reproductive cycle and sexual receptivity
hormones
sexual orientation: biological factors include
hormonal levels and structures in the hypothalamus
Kinsey study
determined pre-adolescent and emerge from feelings
