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Motivation and emotion > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

assumption about what causes behavior

A

if people behave there must be a reason

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2
Q

positive motivation approach

A

goal, want, incentive, need

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3
Q

negative motivation approach

A

avoidance, dear, anxiety

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4
Q

negative motivation is ___ for changing behavior but ____ for disrupting

A

bad, good

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5
Q

concept of motivation

A

when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior

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6
Q

motivation helps explain __ and __ in behavior

A

intensity, persistance

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7
Q

motivation is inferred or observed

A

inferred

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8
Q

motivation is characterized by

A

activation (energy), direction (goal)

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9
Q

categories of analysis

A

relationship between people n the social network

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10
Q

nomothetic or idiographic

A

norm or individual

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11
Q

innate vs acquired

A

born or learned

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12
Q

levels of analysis in the social sciences

A

physical, biological, psychological, behavioral, dyadic, triadic, cultural, societal, temporal

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13
Q

levels of analysis

A

physiological, individual, social, philosophical

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14
Q

major constructs in motivation

A

energy, physiological mechanisms, learning, social interaction, cognitive processes, activation of motivation, homeostasis, hedonism, growth motivation

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15
Q

philosophical roots of motivation theory: Aristotle

A

table rosa (free will vs determinism)

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16
Q

determinism/free will

A

Aristotle
wanting to do something vs being able to

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17
Q

philosophical roots of motivation theory: descant

A

dualism
free rational soul vs automatic non-rational process of the body

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18
Q

philosophical roots of motivation theory: locke

A

sensation-based thinking vs reflection and association

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19
Q

physiological roots of motivation theory

A

sensory and motor nerves, specific nerve engines, electrical nature of the nerve impulse, localization of function

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20
Q

evolution and motivation

A

life, mitosis, meiosis, sex, higher motives

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21
Q

evolution

A

natural selection, sexual selection, female vs male sexual strategies, mate selection, instincts, emotions, thoughts, behavior

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22
Q

basic themes in motivation theory

A

attempt to adapt, arouses and energizes, governs and directs, persistence, role of feelings, individual differences, self-regulating, free will

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23
Q

ARAS

A

arousal, vigilance, sleep, focus, attention, regulation

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24
Q

TPS

A

awareness, sorting, assigning, choosing, responding

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25
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

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26
Q

amygdala

A

fight or flight

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27
Q

hypothalamus

A

primary drives, growth, calmness

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28
Q

hippocampus

A

immediate memory, emotions and values

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29
Q

cortex

A

long term memory, analysis, rationality, logic

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30
Q

DRAS

A

responding, coordinating, integrating, activity, behavior

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31
Q

nominal fallacy

A

labeling

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32
Q

William James instincts

A

reflex, motive, impulse, tendency to act, changes through experience, variability due to habit and transitory nature

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33
Q

William mcdougall

A

instinct-cognitive + affective + cognitive (striving +/-)
teleological, altered

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34
Q

instincts are altered

A

activated by trigger or the idea of trigger, generalized environmentally, multi-instincts triggered simultaneously, specific to particular environments

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35
Q

anthropomorphism

A

generalizing from ones situation as a human to other animals

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36
Q

classical ethology

A

evolution, development and function of behavior

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37
Q

Lorenz and tinbergen

A

observing behavior in the natural setting, consummatory and appetitive behavior, key stimuli, fixed action pattern

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38
Q

fixed action pattern

A

stereotyped, independent of immediate external control, FAP vs taxes are responsive to external control, spontaneous, independent of learning

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39
Q

social releasers

A

intention movement, ritualization

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40
Q

motivational conflict

A

conflict behavior, successive ambient behavior, simultaneous ambivalent behavior, redirected behavior, ethological displacement

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41
Q

imprinting

A

sensitive period, permanent, irreversible

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42
Q

modern ethology

A

open vs closed, preparedness, facial expression, shyness, neoteny, sexual behavior, staring, speech, aggression

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43
Q

types of aggression

A

inter (group), intra (leader), predatory, mob, male (testosterone), young

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44
Q

defining arousal

A

activation of the brain and body

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45
Q

arousal activations

A

increased electrical activity, HR, blood flow redirected to brain and muscle, muscle tone increase, body make use of stored chemicals to process information, plan, expend physical energy

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46
Q

brainstem is responsible for

A

consciousness

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47
Q

senses stimulate the

A

ARAS/DRAS which in turn activates the brain

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48
Q

without arousal from the ARAS/DRAS the rest of the brain

A

will not respond

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49
Q

arousal can be measured through

A

EEG

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50
Q

increase in activity produces waves of ____ frequency but ____ amplitude

A

increased, decreased

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51
Q

autonomic NS triggered by

A

various stimuli through the limbic system

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52
Q

hypothalamus triggers

A

ANS, endocrine

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53
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine/adrenaline

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54
Q

ANS

A

sympathetic system

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55
Q

low and high arousal is related to

A

negative or neutral effect

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56
Q

moderate arousal is related to

A

positive effect

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57
Q

since we seek positive affect, we tend to work best at ___ arousal

A

moderate

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58
Q

under certain circumstances, high arousal can be related to

A

positive affect

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59
Q

arousal and performance relationship is described by a

A

U shape curve

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60
Q

humans are ___ to low levels of stimulation

A

averse

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61
Q

individuals in low levels of stimulation appear to

A

produce internal stimulation to compensate

62
Q

longterm effet of sensory deprivation

A

intellectual deficits

63
Q

anxiety

A

chronically high arousal is aversive

64
Q

other symptoms of anxiety

A

intellectual impairment, poor learning, poor concentration

65
Q

anxious individuals tend to be ___ reactive to other stimuli

A

over

66
Q

kagan

A

inhibited, uninhibited children

67
Q

eysenck

A

introversion, extraversion, neuroticism

68
Q

gray

A

behavioral inhibition system which incorporates IN+ and EN=

69
Q

Barlow

A

anxiety apprehension model

70
Q

sensory overload

A

epinephrine vs seretonin

71
Q

raphe nuclei

A

decrease in arousal

72
Q

locus coeruleus

A

increase in arousal

73
Q

GABA

A

volume switch

74
Q

does sensory input increase arousal

A

no

75
Q

dealing with sensory overload

A

restrict sensory input, setting priorities, managing information

76
Q

state arousal

A

cognitive dissonance
state of arousal that stems from new information that contradicts an existing view

77
Q

state arousal leads to

A

psychological discomfort

78
Q

state arousal creates

A

tension or drive state

79
Q

state arousal may or may not lead to

A

attitudinal shift to reduce discomfort

80
Q

dissonance interferes with

A

new, difficult tasks, but may facilitate over learned tasks

81
Q

stress arousal can negatively affect

A

performance

82
Q

biological effects of stress can negatively affect

A

immune systems

83
Q

stress can lead to

A

self-preoccupying intrusive thinking (distracti0on)

84
Q

achievement is related to

A

work and mastery, not competitive arousal

85
Q

states of consciousness

A

wakefulness, alertness, sleep, dreams

86
Q

sleep is essential to proper functioning of

A

metabolism, blood pressure, glucose levels, insulin, testosterone, memory, mood regulation, thinking, creativity, development

87
Q

sleep allows for the replenishing of

A

physiological and psychological functioning
replenishing of glycogen ro the brain

88
Q

patterns of brain electrical activity in sleep include

A

REM, NREM

89
Q

REM occurs

A

every 90 mins

90
Q

REM patterns increase in length as

A

sleep progresses

91
Q

during REM, blood flow ____, metabolism _____, ___nerve firing, kidneys _____

A

increase 40%, increase, spontaneous, produce less urine in higher concentrations

92
Q

environmental arousal on sleep

A

environment can affect ability to fall asleep

93
Q

lack of environmental stimulation can ___ sleep

A

facilitate

94
Q

environmental stimulation can ____ with sleep

A

interfere

95
Q

other factors affecting sleep

A

individual differences, sleep deprivation, half day cycle, relationships between basic rest/activity cycle and REM, left brain/right brain cycle

96
Q

effects of sleep loss

A

making up for different types of lost sleep
consistent sleep loss cannot be made up in one night
lapsing, uneven performance
cognitive slowing
memory problems
vigilance decrements and habituation
optimum response shift

97
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

sleep apnea, paradoxical effects on depression

98
Q

ellman’s theory of REM

A

intracranial self-stimulation
when awake, environment provides stimulation
when asleep, self-reflection is suspended and vivid internal experience are created
keeps the brain in a state of motivated readiness

99
Q

vogels motivation theory of REM

A

increased neural activity and excitability renders to the person ready to respond when awake
REM characterized by increase in activity
if REM takes up too much energy, a person will have little interest in environmental stimuli when we wake
antidepressants decrease REM

100
Q

neural reorganization

A

transfer of information from immediate to long term memory

101
Q

early sleep assists ___ learning

A

declarative

102
Q

late sleep assists ____ learning

A

procedural

103
Q

dissipation of stress and emotional loading based on

A

cholinergic system

104
Q

neural reorganization facilitates

A

divergent thinking

105
Q

Hobsons model of dreams

A

shutting down of the aminergic system
hallucinations, delusions, distortion of time, place, person, intensifications of emotions, failure of memory

106
Q

freud meaning of dreams

A

symbolic view of life

107
Q

Hobson meaning of dreams

A

transparent and unedited

108
Q

crick and mitchison meaning of dreams

A

meaningless

109
Q

Cartwright meaning of dreams

A

information processing

110
Q

Kramer meaning of dreams

A

assimilation and accommodation

111
Q

Hartman meaning of dreams

A

extends processing of emotional issues and provides more neural connections to manage stress

112
Q

insomnia

A

failure to sleep

113
Q

drug related insomnia

A

GABA, stimulants

114
Q

non-drug related insomnia

A

situational, benign, arrhythmic, sleep anomalies

115
Q

sleep anomalies

A

narcolepsy, sleep walking, night terrors

116
Q

epinephrine is in the ___ and adrenaline is in the ____

A

synapse
blood stream

117
Q

with adrenaline come ___ in stress

A

cortisol

118
Q

long periods of stress lead to

A

increased cortisol, attacks immune system

119
Q

states of consciousness are managed by

A

ARAS, DRAS

120
Q

open focus meditation

A

can replicate sleep and cycles

121
Q

sleep apnea is a secondary condition because

A

it comes from a pulmonary disease, that affects sleep

122
Q

situational insomnia

A

environmental

123
Q

benign insomnia

A

self defined

124
Q

arrhythmic insomnia

A

irregular sleep patterns

125
Q

night terrors most common in

A

children

126
Q

when is the most dangerous time for a heart attack

A

an hour before waking up

127
Q

an hour before we wake up is when

A

we produce more epinephrine and adrenaline

128
Q

limbic system is REM or NREM

A

NREM

129
Q

visual cortex is REM and NREM

A

REM

130
Q

circadian rhythm

A

25 hour daily clock

131
Q

rise and fall of ____ cause sleep and wakefulness

A

epinephrine

132
Q

hypothalamus controls the ____ which controls the level of ____

A

adrenal gland
adrenaline

133
Q

human sexual arousal is a ___ event

A

sensory

134
Q

both male and female sexual arousal is driven by

A

testosterone

135
Q

tactile stage includes

A

initial touching through intercourse

136
Q

differences in men and women with sexuality is due to

A

learning and cognition

137
Q

sexual maturity involves

A

refocusing a persons sexual pleasure and learning to enjoy sharing sexual experiences with another

138
Q

men and women differ in the attribution to the meaning of sex

A

men: something you do because you like it
women: liking or loving someone, emotional attachment

139
Q

evolutionary perspective of sex

A

survival

140
Q

hormones with attraction, passion, love

A

epinephrine, dopamine, endorphins, oxytocin

141
Q

female mating strategies

A

security

142
Q

male mating strategies

A

reproduction

143
Q

falling in love depends on

A

out cognitive set

144
Q

sexual arousal

A

as a facilitator of attraction
depends on how the person feels

145
Q

intimacy

A

sense of closeness

146
Q

commitment

A

sense of continuation and responsibilities

147
Q

interactions between ___, ___ and ___ make a relationship work

A

arousal, intimacy, commitment

148
Q

biological differences between men and women: sex hormones in differing amounts ___, ____, ____

A

androgen, progestins, estrogen

149
Q

____ is the master gland that governs the release of hormones

A

pituitary

150
Q

___ govern the reproductive cycle and sexual receptivity

A

hormones

151
Q

sexual orientation: biological factors include

A

hormonal levels and structures in the hypothalamus

152
Q

Kinsey study

A

determined pre-adolescent and emerge from feelings

Motivation and emotion (1 decks)

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