Unit 1 Flashcards
What is growth
This is a variable across different parts of the body and is an increase in some measured quantity such as height,weight or other dimensions
What is development
Complex changes that follow an orderly sequence including in skills abilities and capabilities
What are the key features of infancy
•grow rapidly approximately half the adult height
• around one years old they can walk
• at two years old, they can run
What are the key features of early childhood?
•Continue to go out steady pace
• continue develop strength and coordination
What are the key features of adolescence?
• growth spurts
• develop sexual characteristics during puberty
What are the key features of early adulthood?
Reach the peak of their physical fitness
What are the key features of middle adulthood?
•Aging process begins
•Some loss of strength and stamina
•Women go through menopause
What are the key features of later adulthood?
• aging process continues
• Loss of mobility
• loss of height
What is principles of growth?
During infancy and early childhood,children grow rapidly and this is monitored by health visitor to make sure baby is growing correctly.
This is measured on the centre chart to make sure the child is meeting their milestones
What is principles of development?
Development happens:
•From head to toe -an infant first control head then their body and finally legs
•From inside to outside -an infant controls movements in the body first then arms and legs until finally the small muscles in their fingers
What is a milestone?
An ability achieved by most children by a certain age for example walking
What are gross motor skills?
Large movements that involve using the large muscles in the body for example rolling over
What are fine motor skills?
Smaller movements which require precise direction and involves small muscles for example picking up a pencil between the finger and thumb
What are the four development milestones for infant?
Sitting up=6mths
Standing=8-10mths
Cruising =8-10mths
Walking 12-13mths [1yr]
What is a palmer grasp?
When an object is placed in an infants hands, the fingers will close and they will grasp it [appears at birth under until five or six months]
What is a pincer grasp?
Use the index finger, middle finger and thumb to pick up an object [occurs at 9 to 12 months]
What is a tripod grasp?
Uses index finger and middle finger
Around 3-4yrs
Good pencil skills and fastening buttons on clothes
What is puberty?
A period of rapid change and growth which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and sexual characteristics develop
What does hormones?
Chemical substances produced in the body transported into the bloodstream that control and regulate body cells
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Changes under development of reproductive organs
What is secondary sexual characteristics?
Outward/external signs of development
What are the primary sexual characteristics of a female?
• uterus enlarges
• vagina lengthens
• ovaries release eggs
• menstrual cycle
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of a female?
• Breast develop and areola swell and darkens
• hair grow in armpits and pubic area
• Re distribution of body fat causing hips to widen
What are the primary sexual characteristics of a male?
• enlargement of penis and testes
• Spontaneous erections in penis
• Testes produce sperm, beginning of ejaculation
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of a male?
• changes in the larynx causing voice to deepen
• hair growing armpits and pubic area facial hair
• redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
What are the main functions of primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
• Act as desirable characteristics that a mate me look for
• they signal reproduction
What are the female hormones?
• oestrogen and progesterone
• produced in ovaries
• responsible for menstruation and ovulation
What are the male hormones?
• testosterone
• produced by the testes
• Similar sperm production
• responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics eg voice deepens
What happens in perimenopause?
Oestrogen levels decrease causing ovaries to stop producing an egg each month. This causes physical and emotional symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweat, mood swings, loss of libido and vaginal joiners.
What is maturity?
To have fully developed and physically grown (physically intellectually emotionally socially)
What are the physical strength peaks of people in early adulthood stage?
• physical strength and stamina at its peak
• sexual characteristics are fully developed
• women are Most fertile and become pregnant and lactate(breastfeed)
• full height is reached
• reaction times quickest
What physical changes happened during pregnancy?
• sickness (oestrogen)
• body changes-weight
• Hormone changes -increase in Oestrogen and progesterone
•Mood swings
What intellectual changes happened during pregnancy?
• more forgetful-changes due to pregnancy
What are social changes during pregnancy?
• interactions with midwife
• less time to socialise
• parenting groups
• loneliness
What are some emotional changes during pregnancy?
• mood swings
• stress
• self image and lower self-esteem
• anxiety/depression
When does menopause begin?
When per menopause ends-when a woman hasn’t had her monthly period for 12 months
What are some perimenopause symptoms?
• irregularityy in menstruation due to fluctuating oestrogen leading to eventful cessation to periods
• difficulties becoming pregnant due to irregular ovulation as ovaries begin producing less hormone oestrogen
• that’s where it’s hot flushes due to hormone fluctuation leading to insomnia
• loss of libido/sex drive
What is menopause?
Occurs between 45 and 55 years of age when the ending of female fertility include the cessation of menstruation and reduction, in production of female sex hormones
What are some effects of menopause?
• ending of menstruation and large reduction of eggs in the ovaries can lead to irregular menstrual cycle and ovulation will stop
• increase in the production of hormones that try to simulate egg reproduction can cause irritability hot flushes night sweats leading to discomfort disturbed sleep patterns
• vaginal dryness leading to dis comfort during sex in increasing vaginal infections
•Osteoporosis-brittle bones that are easily fractured caused by reduction in sex hormones
How does reduction in oestrogen level lead to mood changes depression and anxiety?
Women will feel overwhelming sadness as they can no longer have children can also affect women self-esteem as they see themselves as no longer desirable
Effects of the aging process on people in middle adulthood
• increased weight
• Loss of skin elasticity-wrinkles due to reduction in collagen
• loss of muscle tone, strength and stamina
• grey hair
• hair loss/thinning
Effects of aging in late adulthood 65+
What are the intellectual milestones from 0 to 8 years?
From birth-can use all their sentences to help understand the world around them
Three years -ask questions, count recognise colours and sort object objects
five years -starting to read, write, drawing detail can talk about past and future
Eight years-think more deeply talk about abstract ideas and plan
What are the stages of language development?
Three months-begin bubbling, learn to control muscles associated with speech
12 months -imitate sounds made by carers such as dada (this develops into single words)
Two years -make two words sentences and begin to build a vocabulary
Three years -make simple sentences which developed into the ability to ask questions and the knowledge of words/vocabulary grows rapidly
Four years -use clear sentences and can be expected to make some mistakes with grammar
Five years -speak using full adult grammar vocabulary will continue to go and formal grammar will continue to improve and can effectively use language by this age
How can infants language development be promoted?
How can young children’s language development be promoted?
How can adolescent language development be promoted?
Which theorist provided insight into cognitive development?
Piaget
What is object permanence?
The idea that an object still exists, even if the child cannot see it
What is abstract logical thinking?
The ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically four year olds cannot use abstract logical thinking cause they are not mature enough
What is egocentric thinking?
Not being able to see a situation from another person’s point of view.Piaget believes young children assume that other people see here and feel exactly the same as a child does
What is concrete logical thinking?
The ability to solve problems providing the individual can see or physically handle the issue involved. Seven-year-olds use concrete logical thinking to solve problems eg the amount of water stays the same when poured to different shapes containers
What are the four stages of intellectual development that Piaget believed in?
Sensory motor (0-2 yrs)
Pre-operational 2-7yrs
Concrete operational 7-11 yrs
Formal operational 11-18 yrs
What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
-Interact with the world using their senses
-learn through trial and error
-Object permanent develops at eight months so continue to look for a hidden object as they know it exists
What activities could be used to promote sensory motor stage?
-getting children play with toys that make noises and squeak
-Playing peekaboo
What occurred in the pre-operational stage?
-Development of language
-Make believe play
-Don’t understand how to conserve as they can’t understand how numbers mass and volume work
-egocentric thinking-only see the world from their point of view
-Parallel play-play next to other children rather than with them
What activities could be used to promote pre-operational stage?
-Play dress up our house so they use imagination and makes sense of the world
-Play with toys that change shape so they begin to understand how to conserve
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
-Develop the ability to conserve
-Less egocentric
-Better understanding of logic and problem solving if they can see or physically handle them however may find it difficult to imagine the solution(concrete logical thinking)
What activities can you use to promote concrete operational stage?
-Simple experiments to give them a chance to manipulate objects and test ideas
-give concrete apparatus like counters to solve problems
-Read books with limited number of characters
-Group work
What occurs in the formal operational stage?
-Developed abstract thinking so they are able to think through complicated ideas in their head without having to see a concrete image
What activities could you use to promote the formal operational stage?
-teach broad concepts like poetry
-Ask them to write short stories on hypothetical topics like living out space
What is the theory of conservation?
Something appearance might change, but the quantity will stay the same for example having the ability to understand when you move liquid from a wide container to a small thin container it does not affect the volume
Children understand this age 7 to 11 years concrete operational stage
What is schema?
Is a category of knowledge as well as a process of acquiring knowledge
What is Piaget’s development of schemas?
A child develops concepts about the world around them(state of equilibrium). As the experience situations where new information is presented, the schemes are upset and reach a stage of dis-equilibrium as the new information is accommodated. The original schemas are modified or change so that the child reaches the state of equilibrium.
What are some strength of Piaget’s development of schemas
-has influence early education i.e. the existence of discovery play
-Considered nature and nurture
Have stimulated further research which has increased knowledge of children’s cognitive development and influence teaching methods
What are some weaknesses of Piaget’s development of schemas?
-Base his whole theory on observations on a small number of children so it is difficult to say all children will go through these stages
-bruno disagrees and believes with adult support children can be helped to progress higher level thinking skills
-Research suggest children take longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking
Which theorist believe that the ability to develop language is genetically programmed?
Chomsky
What did Chomsky believe?
Individuals are bored with a language acquisition device that enable children to recognise and develop the languages the experience-evolved naturally
What did Chomsky state about the language acquisition device?
individuals are born with LAD that enables children to to develop and recognise the languages they experience
their ability to understand/develop language evolves naturally just like walking
what is the critical period?
2.5 years
What does Chomsky believe about the critical period?
from childhood to adolescence children learn language during this period (if language does not occur after this critical period they will never achieve a full command of language)
Chomsky believes children do not need to do what to be able to speak?
be trained but need to experience others using language
what are strengths of chomsky’s theory?
-children to go to the same stages of language acquisition at similar times, regardless of language spoken
-language is innate and are all born with language acquisition device enable children to recognise a developed languages they experience
-Children can’t learn language through imitation alone
effects of aging in adolescence
development of logical thought, problem solving, memory recall skills
effects of aging on middle adulthood
think through problems and make sound judgements using previous life experiences
effects of aging on later adulthood
changes in the brain causing memory loos and decline, slower thought proccess/reaction times
what is emotional literacy?
ability to recognise ,understand and appropriately express emotions -forming positive relationships
what is attachment
strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver
What is nature?
Genetic inheritance and other biological factors
What is nurture?
Influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors
What is an example of nature theory?
Gesells maturation theory
What was gessell interested in?
Children’s biological maturation( the part of their growth determined by genetics
What did he do?
Developed a normative approach to researching child’s development which involved observing large numbers pf children to find the skills and abilities most children had in each age group (milestones)
What dis Gesell find?
Each development was predetermined and the environment had little influence
What did gesell say about children with delayed development?
The problem is hereditary rather than environmental for example children with learning difficulties experience delayed development due to them having learning disability from birth
Whos theory is nurture?
Banduras social learning theory
What dos badura state?
Learning occurs to observing the behaviour of others
What is the first stage of banduras social learning theory
The child observes the behaviour of another (usually a role model such as parent or sibling)
For example a child may see a parent smoking
What is the second stage of baduras social learning theory?
The child internalises the action by remembering what they observed
For example the child internalises the parent smoking
What is the third stage of baduras social learning theory
They may not copy straight away but will reproduce behaviour when opportunity occurs
For example when child is older and able to access cigarettes they’ll smoke
What is the fourth stage of banduras social learning theory
Depending of the outcome of the behavior (positive/ negative) the child will decide whether or not to repeat behaviour
Positive re enforcement: behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or rewards
Negative re enforcement; behaviour is not repeated to avoid negative experiences such as lack of satisfaction or to avoid being told off
What does stress diathesis model explain
How stress caused by life events(nurture) can interact with individuals genetic vulnerability(nature) to impact mental wellbeing
According to stress diathesis model what are some individuals born with
Certain biological or genetically predispositions(vulnerability )to mental illnesses (diathesis). A person who has genetic predisposition to a physiological disorder (inherited) might never develop the disorder if they don’t experience stress in their life
What does high levels of stress trigger
Onset of behaviour for this with predisposition
What are negatives of stress diathesis
-too simplistic- doesn’t explain why pple develop illnesses
-doesn’t explain the development of condition without stressor and is bro clear what one is
-what may trigger a condition for one person may not for another
what are some examples of genetic diseases?
cystic fibrosis, brittle bones disease, PKU, hungtington’s disease, kinfelter’s syndrome, down syndrome, colour blindness
what are some examples of biological factors that affect development during pregnancy
foetal alcohol syndrome, lifestyle/diet during pregnancy,congenital defects
what is a genetic predisposition
vunerability to a certain condition that you inherit from both or one parent
there is not a certainty you may develop the condition
what is cystic fibrosis
genetic disease that causes sticky mucus to buid up in organs such as the lungs and pancreas
what is cystic fibrosis caused by
faulty gene which helps control the movement of salt and water in cells when this does not work properly it leads to thick sticky mucus in the lungs and the pancreas.
what are the effects of cystic fibrosis
-breathing problems and digestive issues
-respiratory issues- mucus clogs airways
-digestive problems- blockage in pancreas leads to bad digestion
what is brittle bones disease
genetic disorder characterised by fragile bones that break easily resulting in defects in the genes responsible for producing collagen(protein that strengthens bones)
what is brittle bones disease caused by
mutations in the genes responsible for producing collagen-weakens the structure of bones and other connective tissues
what are the effects of brittle bones disease
-frequent fractures causing bone deformaties
-dental problems-weak teeth, increased susceptibility to cavaties
-short stature due to skeletal growth issues
what is Phenylketonuria PKU
rare genetic disorder that prevents a child from breaking down phenylalanine, an amino acid (building block from protein) found in foods such as milk, meat and eggs
what are the effects of PKU
damages brain and nervous system leading to delayed development learning disabilities
what is huntington’s disease
genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain
what are the effects of huntington’s disease
affects muscle co-ordination(movement disorer) and causes cognitive decline(difficulties with memory) and behavioural changes
what causes the condition color blindness
abnormality in the retina (light sensitive layers in the back of the eye
what is colour blindness
rare condition where individuals have no colour perception at all where they have difficulties distinguishing between colours
what is the condition duchenne muscular dystrophy
muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited genetic conditions that gradually weaken muscles leading to disability causing changes in the genes responsible for persons muscles.it is inherited on female gene and passed on to male offspring
what isduchenne muscular dystrophy caused by
genetic mutation of X chromosome preventing the body from producing the vital protein dystrophin essential fpr building and repairing muscles
What is susceptibility to disease?
An increased chance or likelihood of developing a particular disease based on the presence of one or more genetic variants
What is cancer?
Cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing to make them even more abnormal cells
How can cancer be prevented?
By making nice of choices such as diet not smoking reduce alcohol intake exercising and avoiding environmental factors like exposure to the Sun
Why are some people more at risk and others are developing cancer?
Because they have inherited gene faults that increased their risk
What are some causes of breast cancer?
-genetic mutations
-Family history
-Hormone exposure(contraceptive pill)
-Lifestyle factors
-Smoking
-Age
What is type two diabetes?
When an individual has difficulty maintaining a normal blood glucose level because the hormone insulin is not working properly
Symptoms of Type II diabetes
Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Increased hunger
Itchy skin
Slow healing cut and wounds
Blood vision tingling and numbness
What is high blood cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a fatty substance that carried around the body by protein too much builds up in artery walls causing heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases
What causes high cholesterol?
Lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diet smoking lack of exercise
Environmental factors like poor diet lack of exercise increase the chances of having high blood cholesterol
What are biological factors that affect development of a baby during pregnancy?
If a woman smoke or drink alcohol during pregnancy, fetal development may be affected
It could affect the oxygen going into the fetus
They tend to weigh less at birth
More prone to infections
Learning disabilities
What is feotal alcohol syndrome?
If a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy, this will affect the babies health and development and the child may have fetal alcohol syndrome
They have small heads than normal caused by poor brain development. They have heart defects learn difficulties and neurological problems.
What are some physical effects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
Small head
Full skin between eyes and nose
Thin upper lip
Short nose
What are maternal infections during pregnancy?
Rubella -baby will be born with impaired hearing or eyesight or damaged heart
Women are vaccinated against rubella to prevent the risk
CMV -virus belonging to the herpes family spread via bodily fluids’
Symptoms of CMV -deafness learning disability visual loss
What does congenital mean?
Present at birth
What is neural tube defects?
Continental defects of the brain spine spinal cord such as spinal bifidia
What are some factors that could be responsible for congenital defects?
Socio economic factors like lack of access to nutritious food during pregnancy
Environmental factors like living or working included areas exposure to chemicals, alcohol or drugs During pregnancy
Infectious disease during pregnancy such as rubella
What are the three different parenting styles that contribute to child development?
- authoritative: parents are not overly strict. Children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries.
-Authoritarian: parents have high expectations strict rules and children are often rebellious and become problematic
-Permissive: parents do not have any demands for the children children often like self control because they have no boundaries unexperienced problems in managing relationships let in life
What is Absolute poverty
Can’t afford essential resources
What is Relative poverty
Can afford basic resources but not much else
What is a predictable event?
An event that is expected to happen at a particular time
For example, starting school
Beginning and changing employment
Leaving home
Marriage
Parenthood
What is an unpredictable event?
An event that happened unexpectedly
For example Birth of a sibling
Redundancy (kicked out of job)
Illness
Serious injuries
Divorce or death
What is Holmes-Rage social readjustment rating scale?
A way to measure total stress causes to help individuals cope with difficult life events. They developed a questionaire called social readjustment rating scale which identifies stressful life events. The SRRS identifies 43 life events each with a different score for stress level. They asked individuals to score how each event experienced affected their stress levels. They found the higher the score the more likely the individual is to become unwell.
What would critics say about homes and Rahe?
Homes and assumed each stresser would affect people in the same way however critics would argue that is not true for some people getting a divorce can be stressful time but for others it can be a relief
What is stress?
An automatic response to dealing with challenging situations or life events
How can high levels of stress hormones over a long period of time cause health problems
It can affect many of the bodys systems causing a variety of health problems such as:
Immune system-susceptibility to infections and cold especially when doing unhealthy behaviour such as alcohol consumption to deal with stress
Cardiovascular system -high blood pressure, heart attack attacks, sudden death
Digestive system -loss of appetite
Endocrine system -diabetes. loss of sex drive, absence of menstruation
How can stress be positive?
It can allow people to be more focused think make decisions quicker
Help people perform better in situations such as exams or interviews
What is cardiovascular disease?
Buildup of fatty deposits inside arteries narrowing blood vessel causing reduced blood flow and deposits cause a blood clot
What are symptoms of cardiovascular disease?
Chest pains, shortness of breath palpitations feeling faint heart attack
What lifestyle factors increase likelihood of cardiovascular disease?
Smoking unhealthy diet lack of exercise
Smoking damage blood vessels and can lead to a atherosclerosis which is one of the major risk factors for CHD
Unhealthy diet high in saturated fats, cholesterol and salt can raise blood pressure and cholesterol levels increase risk for CHD
What are treatments for cardiovascular disease?
Lifestyle changes for example eating healthy quit smoking
Medicines help thin blood and prevent clotting
Heart surgery for example, statins
What is osteoarthritis?
A common form of arthritis which occurs on the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down overtime and affects the joints in your hands, knees and hips
What are the causes of osteoarthritis?
Breakdown of cartilage in the joints overtime and some people are more risk than others as factors such as aging, genetics joint injuries stress or can contribute to the causes of it
What are symptoms of osteoarthritis?
Back pain
Loss of height
F fragile bones
What are the pies impacts on an individual with osteoarthritis?
What is degeneration of the nervous tissue?
Deterioration of breakdown of nerve cells or neurons in the nervous system
Nervous system(spinal cord, brain and nerves) is composed of nervous tissue which allows an individual to receive stimuli and process information. Once degeneration of the nervous tissue begins. This leads to decrease in physical and mental functions.
What’s dementia?
abnormal brain changes which trigger a decline in cognitive abilities that impaired daily life and independent function
What’s dementia caused by?
Damage to brain cells which interferes with ability of brain cells to communicate. When brain cells can’t communicate normally thinking behaviour and feelings can be affected. The bread has many regions which are responsible for different functions for example memory judgement and movement when cells in a particular region or damage that region can’t carry out his function normally
What is Alzheimer’s?(type of dementia)
Brain disorder that slowly destroys cognitive ability and memory due to a build of a plaque in the brain which blocks the new ones responsible for transporting signals and messages from the brain
What are the causes of Alzheimer’s?
Age related changes in the brain e.g. inflammation or shrinking
Genetic factor
Environmental lifestyle factors
Those who have family member with a D are more like develop due to genetic inheritance
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer?
Memory loss
Disorientation
Difficulty problem-solving
Challenges with daily tasks
