Unit 1 Flashcards
the body’s dynamic maintenance of optimal physical condition
homeostasis
does homeostasis equal equilibrium?
no
what does the simple homeostasis loop consist of?
sensors, integrating center, effectors, controlled variable
DNA transcribes to mRNA, proteins to cytosol, nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes here
nucleus
ATP synthesis site, contains Krebs Cycle & electron transport chain enzymes
mitochondria
mRNA translation occurs here
rough endoplasmic reticulum
anabolism & catabolism, calcium storage site
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
finishing school for proteins
golgi apparatus
lots of cell traffic
leaky cell junction
very little cell traffic
tight cell junction
allows the spread of action potential from one cell to another
gap cell junction
strength; cell to cell adhesion
adherens cell junction
stores chemical energy in covalent bonds
-monosaccharides (glucose)
-disaccharides (sucrose)
-polysaccharides (glycogen & starch)
carbohydrates
non-polar & hydrophobic
-triglycerides
-steroids
-cholesterol
-phospholipids
lipids (fats)
DNA, RNA; code for proteins
nucleic acids
amino acids joined by covalent bonds
proteins
atoms or molecules with net electric charges
ion
atoms share electrons
covalent bonds
weak attraction between hydrogen atom & nearby nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom
hydrogen bonds
charged ions, have lost/gained an electron
ionic bonds
weak, non-specific attraction of one atom & electrons of another
van der waals forces
low pH, higher concentration of hydrogen ions, lower concentration of hydroxide ions
acidic
high pH, low hydrogen concentration, high hydroxide concentration
alkaline
diffusion of h2o across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
h2o moves from ____ to ____ water concentration
high to low
h2o moves from ____ to ____ solute concentration
low to high
DNA is converted to mRNA by _______
transcription
mRNA is converted to proteins by ____
translation
inside the cell
intracellular fluid/cytosol
space between the cells
interstitial fluid
fluid in blood vessels
plasma
molecules are built up
anabolic
molecules are broken down
catabolic
slow process, high ATP; most cells get ATP like this, need oxygen
oxidative phosphorylation (OP)
fast process, low ATP; most cells don’t make it
substrate phosphorylation (SP)
molecule moves with gradient (diffusion)
simple and facilitated diffusion
molecule moves against gradient (requires ATP)
primary active transport; secondary active transport
moves solutes against their gradient & transport protein directly hydrolyzes the ATP
primary active transport
uses energy from ion gradient (Na+) to move 2nd solute against its gradient, transporter does NOT directly hydrolyze ATP
secondary active transport
large scaled movement of molecules by “engulfing” them by endocytosis, moving them across the cell & releasing them by exocytosis
transcytosis
